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Notes:

WEB	Link to a World Wide Web site
MEGA	Link to a site which offers a guide to the net.
RG	Reading Guide to a text
SUMMARY	Summary (notes) sheet of period/issue

Paul Halsall, halsall@fordham.edu, Sourcebook Compiler

Research Help

Although I am more than happy to receive notes if you have comments on this web site, I cannot answer specific research enquiries [and - for students - I cannot, or rather will not, do your homework.]  See the HELP! page for more suggestions on texts and research.

 

- page hits since September 22, 1997.

IMPORTANT: New Structure for the Modern History Sourcebook

As of January 20 1999, the Internet Modern History Sourcebook has been completely reorganized.  Each of the main sections had became too large [nearly 300k] to maintain as one file.  To see the new arrangement go to the Main Index.  The four older index files - Early Modern | Three Revolutions | 19th Century | Modern World (this page) - will all remain available indefinitely, and the URLs of individual files will not alter. But no new texts (after 12/31/1998) will be added to these large index pages. For new texts, use the new structure, or check the New Additions page.

The new structure also includes a comprehensive Full Texts index, a HELP! page, and a Search page.

CONTENTS

• Main
  • Other Sources of Information on Modern History
  • Introduction: Nature of Historiography
  • Student Papers and Projects
    • Student Papers
    • Student Web Projects
• Early Modern Europe
• I: Reformation Europe
  • Precursors and Papal Critics
  • Luther
  • Calvin
  • Radical Reformers
  • English and Scottish Reformation
  • Catholic Reformation
  • Conflict
  • Women and Reformation
• II: The Ancien Regime
  • The Early Modern World System
  • Structures of Life
  • Structures of Politics - Absolutism
  • England, Holland, and America - Alternative Polities and Economies
• Scientific, Political, and Industrial Revolutions:
  The Transformation of the West
• III: Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
  • The Scientific Revolution
  • The French Enlightenment
  • Government in the Age of Enlightenment
  • Religion in an Age of Reason
• IV: American and French Revolutions
  • American Independence
  • Liberal and Radical Revolution in France
  • Napoleon, Reaction and Romanticism
• V: The Industrial Revolution
  • Events
  • Effects
  • Literary Response
• The Long 19th Century: The Hegemony of the West
• VI: The Century of Ideology and Power
  • The Council of Vienna System and Challenges
  • Nationalism
  • Liberalism
  • Conservatism
  • 19th-Century Feminism
  • 1848: Europe in Revolt
  • Britain
  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Other Western European Countries
  • Eastern European Countries
  • Power and Ideology in the US: North vs. South
  • Canada: Another North American Society
  • Latin America
  • Australia and New Zealand
  • Responses to Economic Growth: Socialism and Marxism
  • Responses to Economic Growth: Imperialism
  • The Second Industrial Revolution and Advanced Capitalism
  • Contradictions of the Enlightenment: Darwin, Freud, Einstein and Modern Art
  • Religion in the Face of Modernity
• War, Conflict and Progress: The Emerging World [this page]
• VII: The End of European Hegemony
  • World War I
  • The Russian Revolution
  • An Age of Anxiety?
  • The Depression
  • Nazism and World War II
  • The Holocaust
• VIII: World Since 1945
  • A Bipolar World
  • America as World Leader: External Power, Internal Change
  • Europe, Yalta to Malta
  • Decolonization
  • Globalization
  • Modern Latin America
  • Social Movements
  • Post-War Popular Culture
  • Post-World War II Philosophy
  • Post-World War II Religious Thought
  • Science and Technology 

• New Additions Page
  From July 1, 1998 additions to the Modern History Sourcebook will be recorded in this list of document accessions.

VII: The End of European Hegemony

World War I

• World War I: Trenches on the Web. It is best to start at the Library Page [At worldwar1.com]
  Covers many aspects of the war, with efforts at interactive presentation.
• WEB WWI Sites - Links to Resources [At Ukansas]
• WEB The World War I Document Archive [At BYU]
  has hundreds of documents.
• WEB Documents of World War I, [At Mt. Holyoke]
• WEB Balkan History Documents, 1456-1997 [At Mt. Holyoke]
• Hague Conventions, [At Yale]
• The Path to War
  • WEB Steven W. Sowards:Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History [At MSU]
    In depth coverage of Balkan history from 1804 until today. Especially useful in reference to the 19th century background of empires and nationalisms.
  • Ottoman Empire: Weakness
    • Sir William Eton: A Survey of the Turkish Empire, 1799 [At This Site]
    • Demetra Vaka: Aïshé Hanoum, c. 1888 [At this Site]
      Life of a Turkish woman.
    • Colonel L. du Couret: Justice in Arabia, c. 1890 [At this Site]
    • Julia Pardoe: The Dancing Dervishes, 1902 [At this Site]
    • Dr. Cyrus Hamlin: Turkish Bread, 1907 [At this Site]
    • The Young Turks: Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire, 1908 [At this Site]
  • The Balkans: Conflict
    • Old Serbian Tales: Marko and the Turks, c. 1450 [At this Site]
    • Alfred Lord Tennyson: Montenegro [At this Site]
    • The Eastern Crisis of 1875-78 [At HNet]
    • The South Slavs Before World War One: Documents [At HNet]
    • The Treaty of Berlin, Excerpts on the Balkans, 1878 [At this Site]
    • Arthur D. Howden-Smith: An Attack on the Bashi-Bazouks, Macedonia, 1907 [At this Site]
    • Bernard Grant: The Flight of the Turks from Lule-Burgas, 1912 [At this Site]
    • Philip Gibbs: The Siege of Adrianople, 1912 [At this Site]
    • Serbia: The Black Hand
  • Austria Hungary
    • The Austrian Constitution, 1867 [At HNet]
    • Count von Beust: Memoirs of the Ausgleich, 1867 [At this Site]
    • The Hungaro-Croatian Compromise of 1868 (The Nagodba) [At H-Net]
    • Mark Twain: Stirring Times in Austria, 1898 [At HNet]
  • German Arms Race
  • The Alliance System
    • The Dual Alliance Between Austria-Hungary and Germany, October 7, 1879  [At Yale]
    • The Three Emperors League,   June 18, 1881
    • The Anglo-Russian Entente, 1907  [At Yale][Added 7/21/98]
• The War
  • Private Donald Fraser: War Diary, September 1915 [At this Site]
    Fraser, a member of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, recounts his experiences on the battle field.
  • Fritz Kriesler: Four Weeks in the Trenches, 1915 [At H-net]
  • Siegfried Sassoon: Attack [At this Site]
  • Captain Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen [The Red Baron] (1892-1918): Air Warfare [At this Site]
  • Erich Maria Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College], or here [At CCNY]
  • Zimmerman Telegram [At NARA]
  • Telegram from the American Consulater in Sweden to the U.S. Secretary of State, March 17, 1917 [At Hanover]
  • Telegram from the American Consulate in Petrograd to the U.S. Secretary of State, March 20, 1917 [At Hanover]
  • Telegram from the American Consulate in Moscow to the U.S. Secretary of State, March 20, 1917 [At Hanover]
  • United States: Espionage Act 1918  [At Ukansas]
• Resistence to War
  • Rosa Luxemburg: "The War and the Workers": The Junius Pamphlet, 1916 [At H-Net]
  • Proclamation of the Irish Republic, Easter 1916 [readable image file of poster][At this Site]
  • Henry W. Massingham: Ireland, 1916--And Beyond, The Atlantic Monthly, December1916 [At The Atlantic]
• Literary Responses
  • World War I Poetry, Poems by Siegfried Sasson, Wilfred Owen, Herbert Read, and others [At this Site]
  • Rupert Brooke: War Sonnets [At this Site]
  • Siegfried Sassoon: Poems [At Columbia]
  • John McCrae (1872-1918): In Flanders Field, 1915 [At WSU]
  • John McCrae (1872-1918): In Flanders Fields 1915 [At this Site]
  • Helena Coleman: Marching Men: War Verses, 1917 [At CMU]
  • Wilfred Owen: Dulce et Decorum Est, 1918 [At CCNY]
  • Vera Brittain: Testament of Youth, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
  • Henri Barbusse (1874-1935): Under Fire: The Story of a Squad, 1916, full text [At Eldritch]
  • John Dos Passos: One Man's Initiation: 1917: A Novel, 1920 full text [At Eldritch]
  • Georges Duhamel (Denis Thévenin)(1884-1966): Civilization 1914-1917, translated by E. S. Brooks [At Eldritch]
  • Émile Zola: Germinal, 1885 Translated by Havelock Ellis (1894), full text [At Eldritch Press]
    See also Paul Brian's Study Guide [At WSU]
• The Aftermath
  • The Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918 [At Yale] and here [At Durham]
  • Tomas Masaryk: Independent Bohemia, 1915 [At Hnet]
  • Woodrow Wilson: The Fourteen Points, Jan 8,1918, excerpts [At this Site]  and here [At Civnet] and here [At Yale]
  • The Versailles Treaty, 1919, excerpts [At this Site]
  • The Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919 [At Yale]
  • WEB Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919 [At ACUSD]
    Full text, with many accompanying maps and cartoons.

The Russian Revolution

• WEB Russian Revolution on the Web Guide
• WEB History of Russia and the former USSR
• WEB The Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Internet Archive [At Marx.org]
• WEB The Leon Trotsky Internet Archive [At Marx.org]
• WEB The Josef Stalin Internet Archive [At Marx.org]
• SUMMARY: The Russian Revolution
• The Tsarist State
  • Count von Moltke: The Coronation of Tsar Alexander II, 1855 [At this Site]
  • Alexander II, The Emancipation Manifesto, March 3 1861 [new style][At Durham]
  • Théophile Gautier: The Races on the Neva River, 1870 [At this Site]
  • Mary Antin: A Little Jewish Girl in the Russian Pale, 1890 [At this Site]
  • Prince Ukhtomskii: Russia's Imperial Destiny, 1891 [At this Site] 
  • Sergei Witte, On the tasks for economic policy, 1900 [At Durham]
  • Commander Vladimir Semenoff:  Coaling at Sea, 1905 [At this Site]
    The adventures of a Russian ship on its way to the Russo-Japanese war.
  • Lindon Bates, Jr.:  In a Tartar Tent, c. 1909 [At this Site]
• The Development of the Opposition
  • Baroness M. De Packh: On The March to Siberia, c. 1840 [At this Site]
  • The People's Will
  • Maria Sukloff: The Story of An Assassination, extracts [At WSU]
  • Anatoly Vasilievich Lunacharsky: George Plekhanov, from Revolutionary Silhouttes [At Marx.Org], alternative site [At Artbin]
  • George V. Plekhanov: The Role of the Individual in History [At Artbin]
• Lenin
  • Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Full Texts [index at Hanover]
  • Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Our Programme, 1899, [At this Site]
  • Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): What is to Be Done?, 1902, extended excerpts [At this Site]
  • Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): What is to Be Done?, extracts [At WSU]
  • Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): The State and Revolution, 1918, extended excerpts,[At this Site]
  • Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): State and Revolution, 1918 [At Idaho]
  • Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Excerpts from Lenin's Testament, 1922 [At this Site]
    Lenin's judegments on his colleagues.
• 1905
  • Manifesto of 17 October 1905 [At Durham]
  • The Russian Fundamental Law of 23 April 1906 [At Durham]
  • The Stolypin Agrarian Reform: On Peasants Leaving the Land Commune (obshchina), Ukaz of 9 November 1906 [At Durham]
  • 1905 Party Programs
    • Program of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1905 [At Durham]
    • Program of the Russian Constitutional Democratic (Kadet) Party, 1905 [At Durham]
    • The Octobrists [At Durham]
    • The Nationalists [At Durham]
    • Programme of the Union of the Russian People, 1905 [At Durham]
    • The Bolsheviks, Russian SDP Program, 1 Aug 1903 [At Durham]
    • The Menscheviks: On the Seizure of Power and Participation in a Provisional Government, April 1905 [At Durham]
• 1917
  • Tsar Nicholas II, Abdication, March 15, 1917 [At Durham]
  • The First Provisional Government, Izvestiia, 3 March 1917 [At Durham]
  • Resolutions adopted by the First All-Russian Congress of Soviest, June 1917 [At Durham]
  • Vladmir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): On His April Theses [At Durham]
  • Vladmir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Call to Power, Oct 24, 1917 [At this Site]
  • Declaration of the Rights of the Toilng and Exploited Peoples, 1917(?) [At Durham]
  • Vladmir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): On the Organization of and Extraordinary Commission to Fight Counter Revolution, Letter to Dzerzhinskii, December 19, 1917 [At Durham]
    The origins of the Cheka, NKVD, and KGB.
  • Anatoly Vasilievich Lunacharsky: Leo Trotsky, from Revolutionary Silhouttes [At Artbin]
  • John Reed: 10 Days that Shook the World
• Bolshevik Rule to 1924
  • WEB LETTONIE - RUSSIE Traités et documents de base - in extenso
    A major collection of documents on Soviet history especially as it relates to Lativia. All in French.
  • Constitution of the RSFSR, 1918 [At Bucknell]
  • Fundamental Law of Land Socialization, Decree of the Central Executive Committee, February 19, 1918, [At Barnsdale]
  • Vladmir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Hanging Order for Kulaks, 11-8-1918 [At UIUC]
  • Alexandra Kollontai: The Workers' Opposition, 1921 [At Marx.Org]
  • Alexandra Kollontai: Communism and the Family
• Stalinism
  • WEB Revelations From the Russian Archives [At LC]
    A tremendous resource.
  • Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Marxism and the National Question 1913 [At Stalin Internet Archive]
  • Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Trotskyism or Leninism? 1924 [At Stalin Internet Archive]
  • Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Industrialization of the Country, 1928 [At this Site]
  • Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Dialectical and Historical Materialism 1936 [At Stalin Internet Archive]
  • Dizzy With Success: Concerning Questions of the Collective Farm Movement, from Pravda, March 2, 1930. [At Durham]
  • Collective Farms of the USSR, 1929-1940 [At Durham]
  • Memorandum on the Grain Problem, 1932 [At LC]
    The memo which indicates the deliberate start of the Ukrainian famine.
  • Constitution of the USSR, 1936 [At Bucknell] or represented as an Organizational Chart [At Brooklyn]
  • Joseph Stalin: Dialectical and Historical Materialism (September 1938) [At Atbin]
  • Hymn to Stalin,
    The cult of personality.
  • Osip Mandelstam (1934?), and Yevgeny Yevtushenko (1962): Poems on Stalin [At this Site]
  • The Soviet Purges: Official Explanation, 1936, excerpts [At this Site]
  • The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre, Heard before the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, August 19-24, 1936" (Overview) [Divided into 10 files][At Artbin]
  • N.I. Bukharin: Last Plea, from "The case of the Anti-Soviet 'Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites', Heard before the Military Colegium of the Supreme Court of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, March 2-13, 1938 [At Artbin]
  • Rapprochement between The Orthodox Church and Soviet Government. Speech of M. G. Karpov at Council of the Orthodox Church, 1945. [At Durham]

An Age of Anxiety? The Inter-War Years

• Europe
  • Paul Valéry: On European Civilization and the European Mind, c. 1919, 1922 [At this Site]
  • T.S. Eliot: Gerontion [At Columbia]
  • T.S. Eliot: Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock [At Columbia]
  • T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land, 1922 [At Bartleby]
  • T.S. Eliot: The Hollow Men, 1925 [At Oxford]
  • Franz Kafka: The Trial, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
  • Bertrand Russell: Icarus, or, the Future of Science, 1924 [At Wisconsin]
  • Bertrand Russell: On Modern Uncertainity, 1932 [At Wisconsin]
  • Aldous Leonard Huxley (1894-1963): Brave New World, 1932, full text, [At Yggdrasil]
    The site claims the US copyright is expired.
  • Franz Kafka (1883-1924): Metamorphosis, full text [At vr.net]
  • Jose Ortega y Gasset: The Revolt of the Masses, excerpts [At Hanover]
  • Jose Ortega y Gasset: The Revolt of the Masses, Full Text [At HK]. [This text is copyrighted in the US. The link here is an informational link to the site in Hong Kong which has a copy.]
  • W.H. Auden (1907-1973) : The Unknown Citizen,  March 1939, part of Poems  [At Norconnect]
  • Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936): Poems, In English and Spanish [At Norconnect]
• Britain
  • WEB Modern British Literature [At ACCD]
    Listing of the major British authors, with dates of their works, and links to the works when online. Mostly Pre-WW II authors.
• France
• The New States of Eastern Europe
  • Yugoslavia
    • Dushan Popovitch & T. Katzerovitch: Memorandum on the Austro-Hungarian Occupation of Serbia Presented to the Socialist Conference at Stockholm, 1917 [At this Site]
    • The Pact of Corfu & The Formation of Yugoslavia, 1917 [At this Site]
  • Czechoslovakia
    • Eduard Beneš: The Coup d'Etat in Prague, October 28, 1918  [At this Site]
    • Eduard Beneš: The Rationale for The Little Entente, 1924 [At this Site]
    • Ivan Derer: The Autonomist Movement in Slovakia, 1938 [At this Site]
  • Romania
    • Jules Jezequal: Transylvania Ten Years After, 1928 [At this Site]
  • Greece
    • William Miller: Modern Greek Politics, 1928 [At this Site]
  • Turkey
• United States of America
  • WEB Temperance and Prohibition [At Ohio State]
  • Calvin Coolidge: Inaugural address, Wednesday, March 4, 1925 [At American Revolution]
    There is not a trace of "anxiety" in Coolidge's speech.
  • Bruce Bliven: "Flapper Jane", from The New Republic, September 9, 1925. [At Pandora's Box]
• Latin America in the Early 20th Century
  • United States Intervention
    • Rubén Darío (1867-1916): To Roosevelt [At WSU]
    • Calvin Coolidge: Intervention in Nicaragua [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • Mexico
    • Francisco Madero: The Plan of San Luis Potosi, November 20, 1910 [At this Site]
  • Argentina
    • Silvia Fernández: The Needle and the Pen, 1913 [At WSU]
  • Chile
    • Gabriela Mistral: Poems, 1922 [At WSU]
  • Uruguay
    • Juana de Ibarbarou: The Hour, 1918 [At WSU]
• Inter-War International Relations
  • WEB Documents of the Interwar Period [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • H.G. Wells: The Idea of a League of Nations and Part II,The Atlantic Monthly, January and February, 1919, [At The Atlantic]
  • Raymond B. Fosdick: The League of Nations is Alive, The Atlantic Monthly, June 1920 [At The Atlantic]
  • Raymond B. Fosdick, The League of Nations as an Instrument of Liberalism, The Atlantic Monthly, October 1920, [At The Atlantic]
  • L. P. Jacks. A League of Nations or of Governments, The Atlantic Monthly, February, 1923 [At The Atlantic]
  • League of Nations Covenant, 1924 [At Yale] or here [At Tufts]
  • United States: Neutrality Acts of 1937 & 1939   [At Wiretap]
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1929 [At Yale]
  • Abyssinia, 1936
  • Miklos Horthy: Annotated Memoirs, 1957, [At MS State]

Economic Problems and the Depression

• War Reparations
  • John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946): The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1920, excerpts [At this Site]
  • John Maynard Keynes: The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1920 [At MSU][Full Text]
• Economic Problems in Europe
  • Letter written During Hardship in Weimar Germany, 1922 [At Letters Magazine]
  • George Orwell (1903-1950): The Road to Wigan Pier, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
• The Depression
  • WEB The Great Depression
    Includes hard statistics.
  • WEB American Life Histories, Manuscripts from the Federal Writers's Project, 1936-1940 [At Library of Congress]
    Over 2,900 online oral histories from the Depressison era. The site also has image files.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt  (1882-1945): First Inaugural, March 4, 1933 [At Hanover]

Nazism and World War II

• WEB WWII Resources and Documents [At Purdue]
• Italy
  • Benito Mussolini (1883-1945): What is Fascism?, 1932 [At this Site]
• Spain
  • WEB The Spanish Revolution & Civil War 1936-1939. [At Geocities]
  • WEB The Spanish Civil War - a links page.
  • WEB The Spanish Anarchist Movement
  • Spanish Civil War Overview [At CMU][Modern Discussion]
  • George Orwell (1903-1950): Homage to Catalonia [At etext.org]
    On Barcelona in 1936
  • George Orwell (1903-1950): Homage to Catalonia, extended excerpts [At NWU]
  • Spanish Civil War Posters or here [At UC-San Diego]
  • Leon Lazaroff: Spanish Civil War Volunteers Gather for an Emotional Reunion, The Philadelphia Inquirer, November 6, 1996 [At]
• Germany: The Weimar Republic
  • WEB Weimar Republic Page
• National Socialism
  • The 25 Points, 1920 [At this Site]
    An early Nazi program.
  • Adolf Hitler: Speech, April 12, 1921 [At Hanover]
  • Weimar Elections - Table, 1919-1933 [At Demon.uk]
  • Weimar Elections - Table, 1919-1933 [At VWC]
  • Adolf Hitler: Reichstag Speech, February 20, 1938 [At Yale]
  • Bruno Heilig: "Why the German Republic Fell", 1938 [At Hanover]
  • The Horst Wessel Song [At this Site][with multimedia]
  • Songs of the German Army: World War II [At this Site][with multimedia]
  • Pope Pius XI (b. 1857. pope. 1922-1939): On the Church and the German Reich (Mit Brennender Sorge), 14 Mar 1937 [At American], compare On Atheistic Communism (Divini Redemptoris), 19 Mar 1937 [At American]
  • National Socialism and the Protestant Church, 1934-1938, collected documents in German, [At AOL]
  • The Barmen Declaration, 1934 [At UCC]
    A call to resistance against the theological claims of the Nazi state, In 1934 the emerging "Confessing Church" adopted this declaration drafted by Reformed theologian Karl Barth and Lutheran theologian Hans Asmussen.
• Lead Up to War
  • The Munich Pact, 29 Sep. 1938 [At Yale]
  • Nazi - Soviet Relations, 1939-1941 [At Yale]
  • Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Aug 29, 1939 [At this Site]
  • Neville Chamberlain: Peace in Our Time, 1938 [At this Site]
• War In Europe
  • WEB World War II - Documents, 1940-45 [At Yale]
  • WEB Documents of World War II [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • World War II Documents [index at Hanover]
  • Adolf Hitler: The Obersalzberg Speech [At this Site]
  • Franco-German Armistice, June 25, 1940 [At Yale]
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt  (1882-1945): Address at Charlottesville, 1940  [At Civnet]
    Roosevelt rebuts isolationism and promised to aid Britain against Germany.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945): America, the Arsenal of Democracy  [At this Site]
  • US Declaration of War on Germany Dec. 11, 1941  [At U Oklahoma]
  • The Atlantic Charter, 1941  [At Civnet]
  • Vyacheslav Molotov (1889-1986): Broadcast Speech on the Invasion of The Soviet Union, June 22, 1941 [At this Site]
  • German Surrender Documents of World War II May 8, 1945  [At U Oklahoma]
• War In Asia
  • WEB Mao Zedong (1893-1976): Writings [Mao Tse-tung Archive/Marx.org]
  • Mao Zedong (1893-1976): On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism December 27, 1935 [At Marx.org]
  • The Nanking Massacre, The New York Times, December 18, 1937 [At this Site]
  • Pearl Harbour Attack Documents, 1941 [At this Site]
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt  (1882-1945): Day Which Will Live in Infamy Speech [At Oklahoma]
  • US Declaration of War on Japan Dec. 8, 1941  [At U Oklahoma]
  • Japanese Surrender Documents of World War II Sept. 12, 1945  [At U Oklahoma]
  • Use of Atomic Bomb
    • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Hiroshima [At Mt. Holyoke]
    • WEB Hiroshima Links
    • WEB Enola Gay Perspectives
    • WEB Documents on the Decision to Drop the Bomb [At Truman Archives]
    • WEB Hiroshima: Was It Necessary
      Links to primary documents and modern discussions.
    • WEB Nagasaki Journey: The Photographs of Yosuke Yamahata [At UCR]
    • Albert Einstein: Letter to Roosevelt, Aug 2, 1939 [At Enola Gay]
    • Carl Maag and Steve Rohrer: U.S. Project Trinity Report [At Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
    • Hiroshima Survivor's Accounts,[At OBI]
• The Home Front
  • Winston S. Churchill, "We Shall Fight on the Beaches" - Speech to the House of Commons, June 4 1940 [At Hanover]
  • Winston S. Churchill, "Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat" Speech, 1940 [At this Site]
  • Winston S. Churchill: "Their Finest Hour", To the House of Commons, 18 June 1940 [At this Site]
  • British Songs of World War II [At this Site][with multimedia]
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945): The Four Freedoms, from his message to Congress given on January 6, 1941 [At Civnet]
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt  (1882-1945): 'A Call for Sacrifice', 28 April, 1942 [At this Site]
    The speech indicates the tremendous increase in governmental power, and control over the economy, needed to fight the war.
• After the War
  • WEB Nuremberg War Crimes Trial [At Yale]
  • WEB Court TV: Nuremberg Documents [At Court TV]
  • Charles E. Wyzanski Jr.: Nuremberg--A Fair Trial? Dangerous Precedent, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1946  [At The Atlantic]
    Wyzanski  voiced concerns about the hazards of attempting to administer international justice in a vacuum. After the trial had run its course, he wrote Nuremberg in Retrospect, The Atlantic Monthly, December 1946 on the exemplary manner in which the trial had been conducted.
  • International Military Tribunal for the Far East  [At Yale]

The Holocaust

• WEB Jewish History Sourcebook
• 2ND Bernard Lazare: Antisemitism: Its History and Causes, 1894, full text  [At this Site]
• Anti-Semitism
  • Religious Anti-Semitism
    • See Internet Medieval Sourecbook - Selected Sources for texts on Medieval religious Anti-Semitism.
    • Martin Luther (1483-1546): Luther Before 1517: Letters to Spalatin  [At this Site]
      These letters are interesting in showing Luther's atitude towards Rome and towards theology. They also reveal that Luther's hatred of Jews, best seen in his 1543 letter, was not some affectation of old age, but was present very early on.
    • Martin Luther (1483-1546): The Jews and Their Lies 1543 [At Medieval Sourcebook]
    • Pope Benedict IV: On Jews and Christians Living in the Same Space (A Quo Primum), 14 Jun 1751 [At American]
    • 2ND Jonathan Frankel: "Ritual Murder" in the Modern Era: The Damascus Affair of 1840, Jewish Social Studies Volume 3, Number 2 [At JSS]
    • Chesterton and Antisemitism [At Cfc][Modern Account]
      Modern effort to defend him.
    • Harold Brackman, The Not So Secret Relationship Between Jews and the Slave Trade: The Polemical Dimension, [At Simon Wiesenthal Center]
      Looks at a theme of continuing Anti-Semitism.
  • Racist Anti-Semitism
    • Emile Zola (1840-1902): J'accuse, L'Aurore, 13 January 1898, in French [at Cnam] or Émile Zola: J'accuse [French text][At BPJJ]
      Zola's scathing attack on the Dreyfus case.
    • T.S. Eliot, Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar [At Columbia]
      Eliot, one of the greatest of 20th-century poets was, nevertheless, an anti-Semite. The casual anti-Semitism of much of the Western elite tends to be overlooked in discussions of religious and racial anti-Semitism, but was an important contributor to the tragedy of the Holocaust. [See also Eliot's The Waste Land.]
  • Violent Racist Anti-Semitism
    • The Protocols of the Elders of Zion [At STD.COM][Full Text]
      Note that this text, which has directly caused the death of thousands of Jews, is a complete fabrication. See here for a discussion of the text.
    • Karl Lueger
    • Adolf Hitler: First Antisemitic Writing, September 16, 1919 [At HNet]
    • Adolf Hitler: On Antisemitism in Vienna, 1925 [At HNet][From Mein Kampf]
    • Selections from Der Stuermer [At this Site]
      Der Stuermer, edited by Julius Striecher, was a perhaps the most aggressively anti-Semitic Nazi publication.
• The "Final Solution"
  • WEB Holocaust Links [At Hanover]
  • WEB The Holocaust [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Holocaust Timeline [At HistoryPlace]
  • WEB Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies [At Yale]
    A collection of over 3,700 videotaped interviews with witnesses and survivors of the Holocaust.
  • WEB Simon Wiesenthal Center: Information Resources
  • WEB The Adolf Eichman Trial [At Remember.Org]
  • The Nazi Marking/Idenification System [At HistoryPlace]
    This page contains a reproduction of an original document illustrating the various types of triangles/markings assigned to different categories of prisoner.
  • Ressources documentaires sur le génocide nazi et sa négation
  • Nazi Source Documents on the Holocaust [At VWC]
  • The Nuremberg Laws:Introduction, 1935 [At Holocaust/Shoah]
    • Law of Protection of the German Race: Hereditary Health
    • Law of Protection of the German Race: Citizenship
    • Law of Protection of the German Race: German Blood and German Honor
  • The Wannsee Conference Minutes, January 1942 [At HistoryPlace] and here [At Hanover]
  • Heinrich Himmler: Speech to SS Group Leaders at Posen, October 4 1943 [At HistoryPlace] and here [At Hanover]
  • Hermann Friedrich Graebe: Account of Holocaust Mass Shooting,, 1942, excerpts [At this Site]
  • Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz: Testimony, 1946 [At this Site]
  • Poetry in the Concentration Camp [At RPI]
  • Elie Wesiel: Never Shall I Forget [At RPI]
• Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
  • Julie Heifetz: The Confession, based on a speech to a high school class 1982 [At RPI]
  • Christa M.: A German witness describes prisoners from Dachau [At Yale]
  • Daniel J. Goldhagen: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust [At HistoryPlace][Modern Opinion Piece]
• The Handicapped
  • Adolf Hitler: Order Authorizing Involuntary Euthanasia in Germany, October 1939 [At Hnet]
• The Roma [Gypsies]
  • WEB Roma in the Czech Republic
    Radio Prague site dedicated to Roma. Looks at history and culture, and continuing prejudice.
  • WEB Patrin: Romani History and Culture, with a specific section on The Holocast [At Geocities]
  • Gypsies in the Holocaust [At this Site]
  • Anna W.: A Gypsy survivor describes medical experiments at Ravensbrück [With Multimedia][At Yale]
• Serbs
  • Jasenovac ­ what happened? [At Yugoslavia.com]
• Homosexuals -
  • WEB People With a History: Online Guide to LGBT History: The Nazis and the Gays
  • Christopher Isherwood: Mr. Norris Changes Trains, extracts. [At Island.net]
    Isherwood, the most well-known English writer on Interwar Berlin describes the atmosphere in Germany.
  • Heinrich Himmler: On Homosexuals [At PWH]
  • Para. 175,[At PWH]
    The Nazi laws on homosexual activity.
  • Hans Heger [pseud.]: Daily Life in a Camp, from The Men with the Pink Triangles [At CMU]
    (Note: Heger is the name of the journalist who wrote the book. The "hero" of the book remains anonymous).
  • Pierre Seel: The Death of His Lover [At PWH]
• Revisionism
  • Pierre Vidal-Naquet: The Assassins of Memory: Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust [At CMU]
  • Eberhard Jäckel: David Irving's Hitler: A Faulty History Dissected [At Nizkor]
  • Raul Hilberg: The Destruction of the European Jews, Holmes & Meier, 1985. pp. 967-976 [At STD.COM]
  • Scott Lively/Kevin Abrams: The Pink Swastika [At earthlink.net] or condensed version [At QRD]
  • Citizens Allied for Civic Action (CAFCA): THE ANNOTATED PINK SWASTIKA [At QRD], Alternative site [At U.Chicago]
    Extensive [600 Kbyte] point by point refutation of the Lively/Abrams book. The effort is worthwhile, but it should be noted that no serious historian takes the Lively/Abrams book seriously as anything other than evidence about the modern American far right [a phenomenon of serious historical interest.]
• Pre- and Post-Holocaust Genocides
  • UN Resolution 260- On Genocide, 1948 [At this Site]
  • Armenia 1914-
    • WEB The Armenian Genocide [At genocide.am]
      The genocide of Armenians took place during WWI in Turkey's eastern provinces.
  • Bangladesh 1971
  • East Timor 1975-
    • East Timor 1975-Present: Interview with Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Der Spiegel 42/1996 (Oct. 14, 1996) [At Speigel]
  • Cambodia 1978
    • François Ponchaud, Cambodia 1978: Year Zero, 1978, excerpts [At this Site]
    • WEB Yahoo!: The Cambodia Genocide Links to a variety of texts and sites on the subject.
  • Rwanda 1996
    • Nightmares of a Rwandan Survivor, [At the Guardian]
  • Former Yugoslavia

Back to Index

VIII: The World Since 1945

A Bipolar World

• The United Nations
  • WEB United Nations Documents [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB United Nations Documents [At Minnesota]
  • The Dumbarton Oaks Agreement [At Purdue]
  • United Nations Charter, 1945 [At Yale]
• Human Rights: Universal Ideals or a Western Impositions?
  • WEB The Laws of War  [At Yale]
    The Hague Conventions, Geneva Conventions, and Pacific Protocol.
  • WEB International Human Rights Instruments [At Minnesota]
    Texts of all major treaties, agreements, etc. since 1945, in English. Many also in French and Spanish.
  • WWW International Constitutional Law [At Wuerzburg][Added 7/20/98]
    Maintains online texts in English, and search machines for comparative studies of constitutions.
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 [At this Site]
  • American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man [At Civnet]
    Adopted by the Ninth International Conference of American States at Bogota, Colombia, 1948.
  • European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 [At coe.fr]
  • The Helsinki Accords, 1975 [At Civnet]
  • Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, 199? [At Minnesota]
  • Female Genital Mutilation [At Religious Tolerance][Summary]
  • Freedom of Speech and Salman Rusdie's Satanic Verses [At Unn.Uk] - a Muslim discussion.
  • Nelson Mandela: Address on Human Rights, 1991 [At Civnet]
  • Elie Wiesel: Dedication of Holocaust Museum, 1993  [At Civnet]
• The Cold War
  • WEB Cold War International History Project
    The site has a huge and accessible online library.
  • WEB Cold War Hot Links
  • WEB Coldwar Timeline
  • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--the Cold War [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--NATO [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Documents on the Truman Doctrine [At Truman Archives]
  • The Atlantic Charter, 1941
  • Beginnings
    • Winston S. Churchill (1874-1965): "Iron Curtain" Speech, 1946, excerpts [At this Site], and here [At Northpark]
    • Winston S. Churchill (1874-1965): Words on War - contains the speech live in audio files.
    • Joseph Stalin: Response to Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech, 1946 [At this Site]
    • The Truman Doctrine, 1947 [At this Site]
    • The North Atlantic Treaty, 1949 [At this Site] or here [At LSU]
    • NATO Treaty, 1949, [At Yale]
    • The U2 Incident, 1960 [At Yale]
  • Berlin Crises
    • USA and USSR: Exchange of Notes on the Berlin Wall, 1961 [At this Site]
  • Cuban Crises
    • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--The Cuban Missile Crisis [At Mt. Holyoke]
    • WEB The Cuba Blockade
    • Nikita Khruschchev:  Speech to the RFSR Teacher's Congress - on Cuba, Moscow, July 9, 1960  [At this Site]
    • John F. Kennedy: The Lesson of Cuba, 1961 [At this Site]
    • United Nations: Cuban Missile Crisis Debate, 1962 [At this Site]
    • John F. Kennedy: Address on the Cuban Crisis, October 22, 1962 [At this Site]
  • Cold Warriors
    • United States Atomic Energy Commission: In The Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer [At Yale]
      Texts of Principal Documents and Letters of Personnel Security Board, General Manager, Commissioners Washington, D.C., May 27, 1954, through June 29, 1954
    • President Eisenhower: The Eisenhower Doctrine on the Middle
    • TASS: Statement on the Eisenhower Doctrine, January 14 1957 [At this Site]
    • John Foster Dulles: Dynamic Peace, 1957  [At this Site]
    • Khrushchev and Eisenhower: Summit Statements, May 16 1960  [At this Site]
    • Nikita Krushchev: Address to the UN General Assembly, Sept. 23 1960 [At this Site]
    • East, A Message to Congress, January 5, 1957  [At this Site]
    • President John F. Kennedy: Inaugural Address, 1961 [At this Site]
    • President John F. Kennedy: Towards a Strategy of Peace, June 10, 1963  [At this Site]
    • A. V. Efimov: Modern History: Textbook for the Ninth Form, 1965. [At MCPS]
      A Soviet textbook on US History from the height of the Cold War.
    • 2ND Jacob Heilbrunn: Viewer Discretion Advised -  CNN's tendentious "Cold War." The New Republic 11/9/1998, [At TNR]
      Interesting attempt to accuse CNN of being contentious by a writer who surely cannot think he is exempt?
  • Various Detentes
    • Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty 1968 [At U Cornell]
• Literary Reflections
  • WEB The Political Writings of George Orwell 1937-1945
    With a wide selection of Orwell's writings.
  • George Orwell (1903-1950): Politics and the English Language [At BNL][Full Text]
  • George Orwell (1903-1950): Nationalism, 1945 [At resort.com]
  • George Orwell (1903-1950): 1984, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
  • George Orwell (1903-1950): Animal Farm, chaps 1 and 2 [At reedbooks.uk]
  • George Orwell (1903-1950): Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, 1946, full text [At Yggdrasil]
    The site claims the US copyright is expired.
  • Noam Chomsky: Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam War, and U.S. Political Culture [At World Media][Modern Opinion Piece]

America as World Leader: External Power, Internal Change

• American Foreign Relations
  • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Democracy and Foreign Policy [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Human Rights [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Intelligence Community [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Nuclear Weapons [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Reagan Administration [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Clinton Administration [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.: The New Isolationism, The Atlantic Monthly, May 1952, [At The Atlantic]
  • Walter Lippman: Mr Kennan and Reappraisal in Europe, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1958, [At The Atlantic]
  • Benjamin R. Barber: Jihad Vs. McWorld,  The Atlantic Monthly, March 1992 [At The Atlantic]
  • Realpolitik or Human Rights
    • Senator Fulbright: Appraisal of US Policy in the Dominican Crisis, September 15, 1965  [At this Site]
      A wide-ranging critique of US foreign policy.
    • Foreign Aid and Human Rights, 1976  [At Civnet]
      In 1976, Congress overrode a presidential veto to enact this human rights policy into the International Security and Arms Export Control Act.
    • Jimmy Carter:  Human Rights and Foreign Policy, 1977 [At Civnet]
      A commencement speech given at Notre Dame University in June 1977.
    • Sanctions Against South Africa, 1986 [At Civnet]
    • Democracy and Foreign Policy, 1990 [At Civnet]
      Secretary of State James Baker addresss the issue in a speech to the World Affairs Council in March 1990,
• Relations with Soviet Union [also see above under "Cold War]
  • Soviet Reaction to the Baghdad Pact, 1955   [At this Site]
• Relations with China
  • American Views on the Situation In China, 1947 [At this Site]
    Statement by General Marshall, January 7, 1947
  • Dean Acheson: United States Position on China, August 1949 [At this Site]
    An acute critique of Nationalist/Koumintang failures.
  • John K. Fairbank: China: Time for a Policy, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1957 [At The Atlantic]
    Evaluation of US policy options toward newly Communist mainland China.
  • James C. Thomson Jr.: Dragon Under Glass: Time for a New China Policy, The Atlantic Monthly, October 1967 [At The Atlantic]
    Argued that the time had come for the United States to reconcile itself with Communist China.
  • Nixon in China
• The Korean War
  • Andrei A. Gromyko: On American Intervention In Korea, 1950 [At this Site]
  • Report of The United Nations Commission on Korea, 1950 [At this Site]
• The Vietnam War
  • WEB Vietnam War Documents and Links
  • WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Vietnam [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • Ho Chi Minh (1890-1968): Program for Communist of Indochina, 1930, excerpts [At this Site]
  • Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 [At this Site]
  • The Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference: On Restoring Peace in Indochina, July 21, 1954 [At this Site]
  • The Manifesto of The Laodong Party, February1951
  • Two Letters to Ngo Dinh Diem [At Wiretap]
    Eisenhower, October 23, 1954 (Department of State Bulletin, November 15, 1954): and Kennedy, December 14, 1961 (Department of State Bulletin, January 1, 1962)
  • President Eisenhower: Letter  to Ngo Dinh Diem, October 23, 1954  [At this Site]
    Beginning US "humanitarian" aid.
  • Viet Cong Program, 1962  [At this Site]
  • Charles de Gaulle: France's Attitude Toward US Policy in Vietnam, 1964  [At this Site]
  • Tonkin Gulf Incident, 1964 [At Yale]
  • The Tonkin Bay Resolution, 1964  [At this Site]
  • US State Department: North Vietnamese Aggression, 1965  [At this Site]
  • State Department: White Paper on Vietnam Feb. 27, 1965 [At Wiretap]
  • U.S. State Department: Aggression from the North, February 27, 1965 [At this Site]
  • President Lyndon Johnson and Ho Chi Minh: Letter Exchange, 1967  [At this Site]
  • John Kerry, for Vietnam Veterans Against the War: Statement to the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations, 1971 [At this Site]
  • War Powers Resolution Nov. 7, 1973  [At U Ms State]
• US Domestic Politics: The State
  • WEB Historical Statistics
  • WEB The Reagan Years: Statistics
    From an openly liberal perspective. The stats are real.
  • Inaugural Addresses of US Presidents, 1789-1997, Index [At this Site]
  • The Aging of the US: 1950-2050, animation [At WWU]
  • Online Quiz to Determine Your Political Position [At self-gov.org]
  • Recall of General Douglas McArthur 1951 [At Civnet]
    Truman repressed perhaps the greatest challenge made by a military leader to the Civilian government.
• American Conservatism
  • Russell Kirk, The Conservative Movement: Then and Now [At LSU]
  • Harvey Cox: The Warring Visions of the Religious Right, The Atlantic Monthly, November 1995 [At The Atlantic]
  • McCarthyism
    • Walt Disney: Testimony Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities 24 October, 1947 [At Eserver]
    • Senator Josephy McCarthy: The History of George Catlett Marshall, 1951 [At this Site]
    • Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy, 1954 [At Civnet]
  • Republicans
    • Barry Goldwater: Conscience of a Conservative, 1964
      Goldwater's 1964 compaign is often cited as the onset of the modern conservative movement. What was different was his refusal to mix theology and politics. See for instance his speech Ban on Gays is Senseless Attempt to Stall the Inevitable [At CMU].
    • Ronald Reagan (1911- ): A Time for Choosing Speech, 1964 [At this Site]
    • Ronald Reagan (1911- ): Evil Empire Speech, June 8, 1982 [At this Site]
    • Ronald Reagan (1911- ): Speech on The Challenger Disaster, January 28, 1986 [At this Site]
    • Margaret Thatcher: Salute to President Reagan, 1994 [At this Site]
    • Patrick J. Buchanan: The City and the Crusade, 1995 [At LSU]
  • Democrats
    • John F Kennedy: Address to Southern Baptist Leaders, 1960 [At Civnet]
      On his Catholicism and politics.
    • The 1964 Election, The Atlantic Monthly, October 1964, [At The Atlantic]
      Endorsement of Johnson.
    • President Lyndon B. Johnson: The War on Poverty, March 1964 [At this Site]
    • Jimmy Carter: Inaugural Address, Jan 20, 1977 [At Columbia]
    • Excerpts from Presidential Debates, 1992 [At Civnet]
    • Maya Angelou, "On the Pulse of Morning", 1993, introduction (text omitted) [At Civnet]. See text [At Norconnect]
• American Radicalism
  • WEB Liberalism Resurgent
    A "committed" site.
  • 2ND Maurice Isserman: A Brief History of the American Left [At DSUSA]
  • Katherine Anne Porter: The Never-Ending Wrong, The Atlantic Monthly, June 1977, [At The Atlantic]
    On Sacco and Vanzetti.
  • 12 Myths About Socialism [At DSUSA]
  • American Left Songs [At DSUSA]. See also a guide to Left-Wing Films
  • DSA FBI Records [At DSUSA]
  • President Dwight Eisenhower: Farewell to the Nation, January 17, 1961  [At this Site]
    The remarkable speech in which the Republican president slammed the "military-industrial" complex.
  • Students for a Democratic Society: Port Huron Statement, June 15, 1962 [At Hanover]
  • Obituary: Mario Savio, 1960s student radical leader [At this Site]
• American Society: Immigration
  • Map: US: Origin of Immigrants 1970-1990, [At this Site]
  • The Atlantic: Immigration: The Perpetual Controversy, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1996
  • James Fallows: Immigration: How It's Affecting Us, The Atlantic Monthly, November 1983 [At The Atlantic]
    "Immigration tends to select for those who are especially resilient, adaptable, and hardworking".
  • Lowell Weiss: Timing is Everything, The Atlantic Monthly, January1994 [At The Atlantic]
    The fate of two groups of Vietnamese immigrants in America.
  • Roy Beck: The Ordeal of Immigration in Wausau, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1994 [At The Atlantic]
    Effects of  Southeast Asian refugees in Wausau.
  • Jack Miles: A Bold Proposal on Immigration, The Atlantic Monthly, June 1994 [At The Atlantic]
    "The United States can and should clamp down on points of illegal entry into this country"
  • Benjamin Schwarz: The Diversity Myth, The Atlantic Monthly, May 1995 [At The Atlantic]
  • Matthew Connelly and Paul Kennedy: Must It Be the Rest Against the West?, The Atlantic Monthly, December 1994 [At The Atlantic]
    Immigration issue as a problem of global inequalities. See critique by Virginia Abernethy: Optimism and Overpopulation [At The Atlantic]
• The 20th Century Expansion of Legal Rights
  • William O Douglas (1898-1980): A Living Bill of Rights, excerpts, 1961 [At Civnet]
  • Balance of Power
    • Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 1952 [At Civnet]
      Steel owners sought to defend their rights against the executive by addressing the issue of the balance of power.
    • War Powers Resolution Nov. 7, 1973  [At U Ms State]
    • United States v. Nixon, 1974 [At Civnet]
      On Nixon's claims to executive privilege.
  • Rights in Court
    • Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 [At Civnet]
      Extended 6th Amendment right to counsel to defendants in state court cases.
  • Racial Equality
    • Harlan Fiske Stone: Carolene Products Footnote, 1938 [At Civnet]
    • Korematsu v. United States, 1944 [At Civnet]
      The Court allowed the internment of Japanese Americans during the Second World War.   Only three members dissented.
    • 35. Harry S. Truman: Excutive Order 9981 1948  [At Civnet]
      Established equal treatment of Blacks in the hitherto segregated armed forces.
    • Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 [At Civnet]
      The finale of the NAACP's legislative campaign to overturn the "separate but equal" doctrine in education.
    • Cooper v. Aaron, 1958 [At Civnet]
      Forced the South to put Brown into effect.
    • Civil Rights Act, 1964 [At Civnet]
    • Reynolds v. Sims, 1964  [At Civnet]
      Required equitable dstribution of electoral districts.
    • Lyndon B. Johnson: The American Promise, 1965 [At Civnet]
      Johnson's use of the "bully pulpit" on behalf of the Civil Rights movement.
    • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978 [At Civnet]
      The Supreme Court wavered over "affirmative action", allowing for its later dismantling.
  • Free Speech
    • Abrams v. United States, 1919 [At Civnet]
      The dissent by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes which is seen as the start of modern judicial approaches to free speech.
    • Whitney v. California, 1927 [At Civnet]
      Justice Louis D. Brandeis's concurrence is counted as one of the greatest defences of free speech.
    • Near v. Minnesota, 1931 [At Civnet]
      Extended the First Amendment to cover state courts.
    • West Virginia Board of Education v.Barnette, 1943 [At Civnet]
      In  Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940), the Supreme Court sustained local school board requirements that all students salute the flag. Jehovah's Witnesses refused to compromise, and in this case the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decision.
    • Engel v. Vitale, 1962 [At Civnet]
      The Supreme court effectively bans school prayer.
    • New York Times Co. v. United States, 1971 [At Civnet]
      The Supreme Court rules against "prior restraint" in publication.
• Popular Culture
  • WEB How Great thou Art. Elvis Presley Exhibition, [At UCR]
  • WEB The Sixties
  • WEB The Sixties Project [At Virginia]
  • WEB The Diggers, San Francisco 1966-1968 [At diggers.org]
    Archive of material on the "anarchist guerilla street theater" group.
  • Postwar Progressive and Protest Songs  [At this Site]
  • LSD and the CIA, [Modern Account][At History House]
  • Timothy Leary: The Declaration of Evolution [At this Site]
  • Alan Ginsberg (d. 1997): HOWL, 1955-56 [At Alan Ginsberg Poetry Page]
  • Leonard Cohen: Poems [At Norconnect]
• Sports: The Opium of the People?
  • The Atlantic: Ballpark Memories, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1997 [At The Atlantic]
  • Birdie Tebbetts: I'd Rather Catch, The Atlantic Monthly, September, 1949 [At The Atlantic]
  • Jim Brosnan: The Fantasy World of Baseball, The Atlantic Monthly, April, 1964 [At The Atlantic]
  • Donald Honig: Out of Reach of All the Glory, The Atlantic Monthly, May, 1975 [At The Atlantic]
    an excerpt from his book Baseball When the Grass Was Green
  • Michael Lenehan: Pure Baseball Men, The Atlantic Monthly, August, 1981
  • Thomas P. Curtis: High Hurdles and White Gloves, The Atlantic Monthly,  December 1956 [At The Atlantic]
    The selection of the US Olympic team in 1932.

Europe, Yalta to Malta

• The Division of Europe
  • The Yalta Conference, 1945 [At this Site]
  • The Helsinki Accords, 1975 [At Civnet]
• Reconstruction
  • The Marshall Plan, 1947 [At Civnet]
  • The Marshall Plan, 1947 [At this Site]
    Long excerpts from the Speech delivered by General George Marshall at Harvard University on June 5, 1947
• European Union
  • WEB European Union [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Europa: European Union Web Server
  • Treaty of Rome, March 25, 1957, with later amendments. Full Text in Part. Also available in one file. [At Tufts]
  • United States Department of State Press Statement: The European Common Market And The Free Trade Area, January 15, 1957 [At this Site]
  • President Charles de Gaulle: Le Grand "Non": Britain's Proposed Entry Into The Common Market,  May 16, 1967 [At this Site]
  • Maastricht Treaty on European Union, 1992 [At Europa][Full Text]
• The Welfare State
  • William H. Beveridge (1879-1963): Social Insurance and Allied Services (The Beveridge Report), 1942
    See this Introduction
  • Christian Democracy
    • FREEDOM BASED ON RESPONSIBILITY. Principles and Programme of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Adopted by the 5th Party Conference Hamburg, 21th to 23rd February 1994 [At CDU Web Site][Full Text in English: German Available]
  • Social Democracy
    • Declaration of Principles of the Socialist International, Adopted by the XVIII Congress, Stockholm, June 1989 [At APC][Full Text]
• Britain
  • WEB Guide to British Politics [At Keele]
  • WEB Timeline of British Politics Since 1900 [At Keele]
  • WEB British Election Manifestos Since 1945 - full texts of all three main parties' election manifestos [At Keele]
  • Let Us Face the Future, Labourt Party Manifestos 1945 [At Keele], with excerpts [At Hanover]
    Classic example of mid-century democratic socialism.
  • Let Us Face The Future: A Declaration of Labour Policy for the Consideration of the Nation, 1945 [At this Site]
  • G. R. Strauss, Minister of Supply: Speech Delivered on Nationalizing the Iron and Steel Industry, November 15, 1948 [At this Site]
  • Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965): Conservative Party Principles, 1946 [At this Site]
  • Margaret Thatcher: Christianity and Wealth, Speech made to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, May 21, 1988 [At this Site]
  • Chris MacNeil: The Paradox of Liberalism versus Illiberalism: The British Middle Class Portrayed in 1980s Popular Culture [At Oregon][Modern Discussion]
  • New Labour?
    • Labour Party Manifesto, 1997 [At labour.org.uk]
      Compare with the programme of 1945.
    • Frank Field (Minster for Welfare Reform): Beveridge Memorial Lecture, 18 Feb 1998 [At dss.gov.uk]
    • Geoffrey Wheatcroft: The Paradoxical Case of Tony Blair, The Atlantic Monthly, August 1988, [At The Atlantic]
      A Labour Party leader who hates the Labour Party?
• Germany
  • WEB German Documents [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • Federal Republic of Germany: Basic Law, 1949 [At this Site]
  • Letter Written During PostWar Period Asking for Help, 1949 [At Letters Magazine]
  • BÜNDNIS '90/DIE GRÜNEN - The German Green Party
  • Helmut Lippelt: History of the Greens
  • German Unification
• France
  • WEB French Documents [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • WEB Paris Libéré! [At paris.org]
  • Charles de Gaulle: Speech at the Hôtel de Ville, 25 August 1944, in French [At Paris.org]
  • Constitution of the Fourth Republic, 1946, in French [At www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr]
  • Constitution of the Fifth Republic, 1958, in French, [At Solon Law Archive]
  • Constitution of the Fifth Republic, 1958 [At Lyons][Full Text - In French] and in English [At France Diplomatie]
  • Code Civil [At FDN]
  • Code Pénal [At FDN]
  • Charles de Gaulle, French Premier: Speech at Constantine, Algeria, October 3, 1958 [At this Site]
  • Charles de Gaulle, President of France: Europe and Its Role In World Affairs, July 23, 1964 [At this Site]
  • Charles de Gaulle: France's Attitude Toward US Policy in Vietnam, 1964  [At this Site]
  • Maurice Couve de Murville, Foreign Minister: France's View of the Atlantic Alliance and NATO, 1966 [At this Site]
  • President Charles de Gaulle: Le Grand "Non": Britain's Proposed Entry Into The Common Market,  May 16, 1967 [At this Site]
• Italy
  • WEB Italy-Index [At Uni-Wuerburg]
  • Italian Constitution 1961, in Italian [At Wiretap]
  • Italian Constitution 1993 [At Wuerburg]
• Spain
  • The Spaniard's Charter, July 16 1945 [At this Site]
  • The Spanish Act of Succession, June 7, 1947 [At this Site]
  • Principles of The Spanish National Movement, According to the Act of May 17, 1958 [At this Site]
  • King Juan Carlos:
• Ireland
  • Proclamation of the Irish Republic, Easter 1916 [readable image file of poster][At this Site]
  • Henry W. Massingham: Ireland, 1916--And Beyond, The Atlantic Monthly, December1916 [At The Atlantic]
  • Ireland: Constitution [At TCD]
  • John V. Kelleher: Can Ireland Unite?, The Atlantic Monthly,  April, 1954 [At The Atlantic]
  • Robert Coles: Ulster's Children, The Atlantic Monthly, December 1980 [At The Atlantic]
  • Conor Cruise O'Brien: Twentieth-Century Witness, The Atlantic Monthly, July 1992 [At The Atlantic]
  • Conor Cruise O'Brien: The Roots of My Preoccupations, The Atlantic Monthly, July 1994
    His experiences in government in Catholic Ireland of the 1950s.
  • Bobby Sands (d.1981): The Diary of Bobby Sands, March 1981 [At Larkspirit]
• Other Western European Countries
  • Spain: Constitution, 1992, in English and Spanish, [At Wuerzburg]
  • Switerland: Swiss Confederation Documents [At Swiss Government]
• The Soviet Union/Russia
  • WEB Russia [At Mt. Holyoke]
  • Domestic Politics
    • Nikita Krushchev: Secret Speech, 1956 [At this Site]
    • Nikita S. Khrushchev: The Secret Speech - On the Cult of Personality, 1956 [At this Site]
      Longer excerpts.
    • Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: What I Learned in the Gulag, excerpts [At Virginia]
    • Treatment of Dissidents in the 'Years of Stagnation', Petition on the Legality of the Trial of Ginzburg, Galanskov, Dobrovol'skii and Lashkova, Novoe russkoe slovo, 27 Feb.-7 Mar. 1968. [At Durham]
    • Constitution of the USSR, 1977 [At Bucknell]
    • Economics
    • The Gulag
    • Gorbachev
    • Letter from St. Petersburg, 1994 [At Letters Magazine]
    • Vladimir Zhirinovsky: Letters to Patrick Buchanan, 1996 [At Letters Magazine]
    • Sam Marcy: The Collapse of the USSR and the Destiny of Socialism [At CMU]
  • Foreign Policy
    • See also under Cold War above
    • WEB LETTONIE - RUSSIE Traités et documents de base - in extenso
      A major collection of documents on Soviet history especially as it relates to Lativia. All in French.
    • The Warsaw Pact, 1955  [At this Site]
    • Soviet Statement: Friendship and Co-operation Between the Soviet Union and Other Socialist States, October 30, 1956  [At this Site]
    • Chinese Communist Party: The Leaders of the CPSU are the Greates Splitters of Our Times, February 4, 1964  [At this Site]
    • The Romanian Workers' Party: Statement on the Sino-Soviet Dispute, April 22, 1964  [At this Site]
    • Pravda: Editorial: The Anti-Soviet Policy of Communist China, February 16,1967  [At this Site]
    • The Brezhnev Doctrine, November, 1968, excerpts [At this Site]
• Other Central and Eastern European Countries
  • Albania
    • James Cameron: Albania: The Marxist Paradise, The Atlantic Monthly, June 1963 [At The Atlantic]
  • Hungary
    • WEB The Hungarian Revolt, October 23 - November 4, 1956 [At MS State]
    • Hungarian Students: Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, October 22, 1956  [At this Site]
    • Hungary 1956 [At this Site
      Statement of the Soviet Government, October 30, 1956 and Imry Nage: Last Message (November 4, 1956)
    • Trybuna Ludu: Clear Current and Scum, 1956   [At this Site]
      A Polish newspaper on events in Hungary.
    • Soviet Statement: Friendship and Co-operation Between the Soviet Union and Other Socialist States, October 30, 1956  [At this Site]
  • Yugoslavia
    • WEB Balkan History Documents, 1456-1997 [At Mt. Holyoke]
    • Cominform Comminuqué: Resolution of the Information Bureau Concerning the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, June 28, 1948  [At this Site]
      When Tito broke wiuth Stalin.
    • The Dayton Peace Accords, 1995 [At HNet]
• 1989: What Happened and Why?
  • WEB Steven W. Sowards:Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History [At MSU]
    In depth coverage of Balkan history from 1804 until today. Topic 13 examines modern conflicts after Tito and in re: 1989.
  • Gerhard Rempel Revolution in Eastern Europe: 1989 [At Western New England College]
    Extended lecture notes.
  • The Phillipines and People Power.
    The incident which showed the people could bring down a government
  • Tiananmen Square and State Force
    The incident which showed the state could suppress a rebellion.
  • Economic Liberalization in Hungary
  • Polish Problems
  • The Crisis in East Germany
  • The US Embassy in Prague
  • Mass Movements in East Germany