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This page is a subset of texts derived from the three major online Sourcebooks listed below. For more contextual information, for instance about the Islamic world, check out these web sites.
For help in research, homework, and so forth see
Notes:
In addition to direct links to documents, links are made to a number of other web resources.
2ND
Link to a secondary article, review or discussion on a given topic. MEGA
Link to one of the megasites which track web resources. WEB
Link to a website focused on a specific issue.. These are not links to every site on a given topic, but to sites of serious educational value.
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- General
- Ancient Near East
- Egypt
- Theory
- Mathematics
- Technology
- Medicine
- Greco-Roman Culture
- PreSocratics
- Materialists
- Pythagoreanism
- Eleatic School
- Sophists
- Atomists
- Critical Thought
- Theoretical Science
- Mathematics
- Medicine
- Engineering
- Travel: Geography
- Latin Authors
- Byzantium
- Mathematics
- Medicine
- Islam
- General
- Theory
- Medicine
- Impact
- Famous Muslim Scientists
- Latin Christendom
- Attitudes
- Medicine
- Late Medieval Physics
- Technology
- China
- General
- Images
- India
- Mathematics
- Scientific Revolution
- General
- Earlier/Alternative Ways of Understanding the Cosmos
- Theory
- Astronomy and Physics
- Medicine
- Freedom of Thought
- Scientific Societies
- The Enlightenment
- Spread of Scientific Ideas
- Attitudes
- Opposition to Religion
- Classical Science
- Astronomy
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Geology
- Medicine
- The Industrial Revolution
- The Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-18th Centuries
- The Revolution in the Manufacture of Textiles
- The Revolution in Power
- Railroads
- Steamships
- The Great Engineers
- The Process of Industrialization
- New Technologies
- The Steel Industry
- The Chemical Industry
- Electricity
- Efficiency, Automation and the Assembly Line
- Aviation
- Confidences and Disasters
- New Science: Darwin, Freud, Einstein
- General
- Geology
- Biology: Red in Tooth and Claw
- Reaction to Darwin
- Social Implications of Evolution
- Mathematics
- Physics: The End of the Classical Synthesis
- Chemistry
- Astronomy
- Psychology: The Obscurity of the Mind
- Philosophical Reflections: The End of Reason?
- Science and War Technology
- Scientists Reflections on Science and Meaning
- Science, Technology and the Transformation in the Means of Production
- Biology: The DNA Revolution
- Space Exploration
- Computers
- Knowledge Based Production
- The Internet
- The World Environment: Cornucopeian Plenty or a Crisis Situation
- Moral Issues and Modern Science
- Use of Atomic Bomb
- Genetics and Human Society
- Further Resources in the History of Science
- Webguides
- Source Material
- Other
- 2ND Thomas S. Kuhn: Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962 [At Emory]
Summary of theories of an important modern theorist of the idea of scientific revolution.
- 2ND Babylonian and Egyptian Mathematics [At St. Andrews]
Illustrations and modern presentations of the calculation methods.
- Theory
- The Memphite Theology [At Internet Archive, from Creighton]
Ptah as creator god. This text has been presented as the source of Greek science. This is unlikely!- Mathematics
- 2ND Egyptian Mathematics [At eyelid.co.uk]
- 2ND Egyptian Mathematics [At Buffalo]
With translations of problems.- WEB Egyptian Fractions [At UCI][Website]
A website which discusses Egyptian fractions, and which has links to other sites on Egyptian mathematics.- Technology
- 2ND Plumbing in Egypt [At theplumber.com]
- 2ND Carol Meyer: Bir Umm Fawakhir: Insights into Ancient Egyptian Mining JOM 9:3 (1997), 64-68. [At JOM]
Mining in 5-6th Century CE Egypt.- Medicine
- WEB Egyptian Medicine [At Internet Archive]
Some short texts and illustrations
- PreSocratics
See 2ND Study Guide [At Brooklyn College]
- PreSocratic Fragments [At Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy]
- Materialists
- 2ND Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras [IEP Articles]
- Thales (c.600-550 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Anaximander (c.610-545 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Anaximenes (fl.546 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Anaxagoras (c.500-c.428 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Anaxagoras (c.500-c.428 BCE): Fragments [At Classic Persuasion]
- Pythagoreanism
- Texts about Pythagoras [At CSUN]
- Pythagoras (c.580-c.500 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Eleatic School
- 2ND Parmenides, Empedocles [IEP Articles]
- Parmenides (c.515-after 450 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Parmenides (c.515-after 450 BCE): Fragments [At Internet Archive, from 4th Tetralogy]
- Parmenides of Elea (c.515-after 450 BCE): On Nature (Peri Physis)
- Zeno of Elea (c.490-after 445 BCE)[At Hanover]
The puzzles still work!- Melissos (5th Cent BCE)[At Hanover]
- Empedocles (c.493-c.433 BCE): Fragments [At Internet Archive, from 4th Tetralogy]
A pluralistic answer to Parmenides.- Empedocles (c.493-c.433 BCE): Going Among Men as an Immmortal fragments 112, 146, 147 [At Eliade]
- Sophists
- 2ND Sophists, Euclides, Prodicus, Gorgias, Protagoras [IEP Articles]
- Protagoras (c.485-411 BCE) [At Then Again]
Fragments- Gorgias (c.483-c.385 BCE) [At Then Again]
- Xenophanes (c.570-c.470 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Xenophanes (c.570-c.470 BCE)[At Then Again]
Atheistic views.- Heraklitos (c.540-c.480 BCE) [At WSU]
- 2ND Heraklitos [IEP Article]
- 2ND Heraklitos [At Evansville]
- Heraklitos (c.540-c.480 BCE): Fragments [At Internet Archive, from 4th Tetralogy]
- Atomists
- 2ND Leucippus, Democritus [IEP Articles]
- Critical Thought
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Why the Nile Floods in Summer (Hdt. 2.19-2.27) [At Internet Archive, from Holy Cross]
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Critique of Geography (Hdt. 4.36.2-45.5) [At Internet Archive, from Holy Cross]
- Geography in Herodotus [At Internet Archive, from Holy Cross]
- Theoretical Science
- Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Four Causes, [At WSU]
- Aristotle (384-323 BCE): : On Generation and Corruption.[At MIT]
The first five parts of Book II in particular discuss elements, and the system of four elements that predates Aristotle.- Mathematics
- 2ND Donald Lancon: An Introduction to the Works of Euclid [At OBKB][Modern Account]
- WEB Euclid (c.300 BCE): Elements [At Clark][Full Text]
The site has Java applets which let you play around with the geometric figures.- Medicine
- Hellenic & Hellenistic Science [At This Site]
Contains: Hippocrates, Aphorisms, c. Fifth Century BCE, Archimedes, Letter to Dositheus, c. 220 BCE, Galen, Medicine, c. Mid-Second Century CE- Galen (129-199 CE): On the Natural Faculties, [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter files]
- The Hippocratic Oath [At Saskatchewan]
- WEB Hippocratic Texts (c.430-330 BCE)[At MIT] [Selected texts. See instead of ERIS]
- WEB Medicina Antiqua [Website]
Texts and images on ancient medicine.- WEB Antiqua Medicina: From Homer to Vesalius [Website]
- Engineering
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Marcellus [At MIT]
See chaps. 14-17, 19 for an account of Archimedes (c.287-c.212 BCE).- Hero of Alexandria (fl/ 62 CE): Pneumatics [Full Text] [At Steam Engine Library]
- WEB Archimedes (c.287-c.212 BCE)[Website]
The site has extensive source text quotations and illustrations. See for instance this one on Archimedean Solids.- 2ND Why did the Ancients Not Develop Machinery? [At Southwestern]
- Travel: Geography
- The Periplus [At Internet Archive, from CCNY]
Written by a Greek resident of Alexandria in Egypt during the first century BCE, this text is one of the oldest surviving accounts of the countries on Africa's east coast. A map gives some idea of the size and scope of Africa and of the author's journey.- Latin Authors
- Pliny the Elder (23/4-79 CE): Natural History in Latin [At Lacus Curtius][Full Text]
Byzantium
- Mathematics
- A Byzantine Mathematics Textbook, 888: [Page image]
With Euclidean theorems.- Medicine
- Paul of Aigina: The Epitome, excerpts. [a medical text]
Islam
- General
- 2ND Seyyed Hossain Nasr: Science and Civilization in Islam, (New York : New American Library. 1968). "Introduction".
- Theory
- Ibn Rushd (Averroës) (1126-1198 CE): Religion & Philosophy, c. 1190. The text is On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy, or in Arabic Kitab fasl al-maqal, with its appendix (Damina). Appended is an extract from Kitab al-kashf`an manahij al-adilla.
- Medicine
- Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 28: Medicine (Kitab Al-Tibb) [At USC-MSA]
- Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973-1037): On Medicine, c. 1020 CE
- Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey, [At this Site]
- WEB History of Islamic Medicine
- Impact
- Adelard of Bath: Natural Questions, c. 1137
Impact of Muslim science in the West.- Famous Muslim Scientist Lists
The lists below seem to be part of a certain genre of list creation, usually to make the claim (which is true) that Islam had a glorious role in the history of science. None of them seem to address what happened after c. 1500 (the Western Intrusion was not until c. 1800, so it will not do as an "excuse".)
- WEB Muslim Scientists and Thinkers [At City.ac.uk]
- WEB Muslim Scientists, 700 - 1500 CE [At Muslimsonline]
Latin Christendom
- Attitudes
- Agobard of Lyons (9th Century): On Hail and Thunder translated by Wendy Lewis
- Agobard of Lyons (9th Century): On the Deception of Certain Signs translated by Wendy Lewis
- Adelard of Bath: Natural Questions, c. 1137, on the impact of Muslim science in the West.
- Theophilus: An Essay Upon Diverse Arts, c. 1125.
- Peter Abelard (1079-1142): Prologue to Sic et Non, translated by Wendy Lewis
- Peter Abelard: Sic et Non, excerpts, [At Internet Archive, from Clinch Valley College]
- Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science, 1268.
- Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science, from Opus Majus, 13th century [At UVA]
- Roger Bacon: Despair About Thirteenth Century Scholarship, from Compendium Studii Philosophiae, 1271.
- Medicine
- A Treatise from Salerno on Nutrition: De flore dietarum, in Latin and Italian, [At Liber Liber]
- Late Medieval Physics
- Ockham, Scotus, Buridan
- John Buridan: Questions [c.1290-c.1360]
- Nicholas Oresme (1323-1382): Basic Information [At St. Andrews]
An important late medieval scientist. Not all was dark before Copernicus. Oresme, Catholic Bishop of Lisieux, wrote on the nature of light, and invented coordinate geometry long before Descartes.- Technology
- Palladius: On Husbandry, c. 350
- Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1340-1400): A Treatise on the Astrolabe, c.1391, in Middle English.
- See Also Columbus Navigation Homepage
With maps of the various voyages.
- General
- Matteo Ricci: The Art of Printing
- Père du Halde: Teaching Science to the Manchu Emperor, c. 1680
- Images
- Image: Technology: Early Chinese Star Mapping
- Image: Technology: Making of Silk
- Image: Technology: Chinese Use of Paper
- Image: Technology: Early Paper Money
- Image: Technology: Tang Dynasty Coin
- Image: Technology: The earliest printed book - 868 CE
- Image: Technology: Use of Tea
- Image: Technology: Use of Crossbow
- Image: Technology: Chinese Canon from 1368
- Image: People: Zhang he
- Image: People: Zhang he 2
- Image: People: Zhang he 3
- Mathematics
- General
- WEB See The Galileo Project [At Rice] for a website focused on the early scientific revolution.
- SUMMARY: The Scientific Revolution
- Scientific Societies
- Earlier/Alternative Ways of Understanding the Cosmos
- WEB Alchemical Texts [At Alchemy Web]
A huge number of alchemical texts from from 16th-18th centuries.- Theory
- Bernardino Telesio (1509–1588): from On the Nature of Things According to Proper Principles, 1565[At this Site]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): from First Book of Aphorisms [At this Site]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Preface to the Novum Organum [At Hanover]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): The New Atlantis, 1627 [At this Site]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): The New Atlantis, 1626 [At ArtBin][Full Text]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Various Texts [Index at Hanover]
- Ben Jonson (1573-1625): On Lord Francis Bacon, 1625 [At this Site]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): On Francis Bacon, from Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778 [At this Site]
- Réne Descartes (1596-1650): Discourse on Method, 1637, extracts [At WSU]
- Réne Descartes (1596-1650): Discourse on Method, 1637 [At Project Gutenberg][Full text]
- Réne Descartes (1596-1650): Méditations, 1641 [At Wright][Full text][Trilingual edition: Latin, French, and English]
- Astronomy and Physics
- Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543): Dedication of The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543 [At Bartleby]; Alternate Text [At History World]
- Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543): The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543, selection from main text, [At this Site]
- Tycho Brahe (1546-1601): Life [AT kth.se]
A web page with illustrations of Brahe's observations and system.- Johannes Kepler (1571-1630): Laws of Planetary Motion [At Hawaii]
A web page illustrating the laws in diagrams- Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Letter to the Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615 [At this Site]
RG Reading Guide
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913): Article- Galileo's Pendulum Experiments - a modern recreation [At Rice]
- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Optics, excerpts [At this Site]
On atomic theory and induction.- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, excerpts [At this Site]
On the rules of reasoning in philosophy.- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, excerpts [At Then Again]
- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Three Laws of Motion, in Latin [At The Latin Library]
- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, [facsimile of 1846 edition: may load slowly][at CMU] or here [At Tripod]
Complete text with illustrations.- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Principia: Book Two. Lemma II. [At Trinity College Dublin]
Newton describes what is essentially the Product Rule for differentiation, applying it to calculate the `moments' of quantities that are expressed as products of powers of other quantities whose moments are known.- Cambridge in the Time of Newton [Modern Account][At History House]
- Medicine
- Andreas Vesalius (1514-64): De humani corporis fabrica, 1543, frontispiece of 1555 edition, [At Internet Archive, from UAB], and see Detailed Images [At Medicina Antiqua]
See also Brief Bio [At Plymouth], or here [At Virginia], or here [At Vanderbilt]- Vesalius Image Archive [At Vesalium.com]
Archive of medical and anatomical images. Not for the squeamish.- 16th Century Surgeon [At Internet Archive, from CCNY]
- William Harvey (1578-1657): On The Motion of The Heart And Blood In Animals, 1628 [At this Site]
- William Harvey (1578-1657): On the Motion of the Heart, excerpts [At this Site]
- Freedom of Thought
- 2ND Donald Kobe: Luther and Science [At Leader U.]
Consideration of the relationship between Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution.- The Crime of Galileo: Indictment 1630 [At this Site]
- Cardinal Bellarmine (1542-1621): Information [At Rice]
- Index of Forbidden Books, Some listed authors, 1559-1964.
- Index of Forbidden Books, frontpage of 116 edition [published From 1559 to 1964]
Part of Bonfire of Liberties [At Texas Humanities], an exhibition of banned books. But see also the Vatican Library Exhibition, which shows the role of the Vatican in preserving culture.- Scientific Societies
- Dr. John Wallis: The Origin of The Royal Society, 1645-1662 [At this Site]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): On The Royal Society And Other Academies from Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778 [At this Site]
- Spread of Scientific Ideas
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Letters on Newton, from the Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778 [At this Site]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, full text, c. 1778 [At this Site]
- Denis Diderot: Encyclopedie [At Chicago]
This is a link to the beginning of a complete online version of the Encyclopedia.- Jean La Rond D'Alembert: Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot [At WSU]
- Attitudes
- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): Experiments with Balloons, 1783 [At this Site]
- Condorcet (1743-94): On the Future Progress of the Human Mind, 1794 [At this Site]
RG Reading Guide- George Berkeley: A Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics [At Trinity College Dublin][Full Text]
- Gottfried Leibniz: The Monadology, 1714. [At Marxists.org][Full Texts]
- Opposition to Religion
- David Hume (1711-1776): On Miracles, excerpts from Human Understanding [At this Site]
- Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Religion [At this Site]
- Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Essays on Religion [At this Site]
- WEB Benjamin Franklin: Works [At Yale]
The "Scientific Revolution" - understood as the time when a "paradigm shift" took place, ended with Newton's achievements. From the late 17th century until the late 19th century that vision of the cosmos was developed and filled in by what we now call "classical science". The achievements of this period have not been negated by the discoveries and theories of the late 19th and 20th centuries, but are now seen as accurate only with certain boundaries.
- Astronomy
- Simon Newcomb (1835-1909): Extent of The Universe, 1884 [At this Site]
- Physics
- Michael Faraday (1791-1867): Lectures on the Forces of Matter, 1859 [At this Site]
- 2ND John Tyndall: Faraday as a Discoverer, 1894, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
- Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz: On The Conservation of Force, 1863 [At this Site]
- Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)(1824-1907): Wave Theory of Light, 1884 [At this Site]
- Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)(1824-1907): Tides, 1882 [At this Site]
- Chemistry
- WEB Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry [At Lemoyne]
Full texts of many papers in the history fo Chemistry under the following headings:
- Analytical, instrumental, and spectroscopic techniques
- Atomic hypothesis and discrete nature of matter
- Biochemistry
- Bonding and Structure
- Combustion and calcination
- Electricity, electrochemistry, and electrolyte solutions
- The electron and electronic structure of matter
- Elements: nature, number, and discovery
- Environmental chemistry
- Gases
- Kinetics
- Nomenclature
- The nucleus: isotopes and radioactivity
- Organic chemistry
- Periodic table and periodic law
- Thermodynamics
- Others
- WEB Classic Chemistry Page, by Carmen Giunta [At Lemoyne]
- WEB Classic Papers from the history of Chemistry (and Some Physics too)
Over 50 papers in the the history of physics and Chemistry.- WEB ChemTeam
Is an all-round site for high school chemistry.- Joseph Priestley: The Discovery of Oxygen, 1776 [At this Site]
- Michael Faraday (1791-1867): The Chemical History of A Candle, 1860 [At this Site]
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Physiological Theory of Fermentation, 1879 [At this Site]
- Geology
- Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz: Ice and Glaciers, 1865 [At this Site]
- Medicine
- Edward Jenner (1749-1823): Three Original Publications On Vaccination Against Smallpox, 1798 [At this Site]
- Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894): Contagiousness Of Puerperal Fever, 1843 [At this Site]
- Joseph Lister (1827-1912): Antiseptic Principle Of The Practice of Surgery, 1867 [At this Site]
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery, 1878 [At this Site]
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1894): Extension of The Germ Theory, 1880 [At this Site]
- H.C. Ernst: Extension of The Germ Theory, 1880 [At this Site]
- The Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-18th Centuries
- Abraham Cowley (1618-1667): Of Agriculture, 1650 [At this Site]
- Turnips
- John A. Mazis: The Potato [Modern Account][At UMN]
- Field Rotation
- Animal Breeding
- The Revolution in the Manufacture of Textiles
- Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883): Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England [At McMaster][Full Text]
- Curt Anderson: The Two Countries That Invented the Industrial Revolution [At emachinetool.com][Modern Article]
- An explanation of the different functions of invention in Briatin and the United States.- The Revolution in Power
- WEB The Steam Engine Library
Full texts of many books on the history of the Steam Engine. A splendid resource.- WEB The Kew Bridge Steam Museum [In the UK]
- Thomas Newcomen: The Newcomen Engine [At Internet Archive, from exeter.ac.uk][Sketch Picture]
-- James Watt (1736-1819): The Steam Engine, c. 1769 [At this Site][Picture]
- Thomas H. Marshall: James Watt, 1925 [At Steam Engine Library][Full Text]
- Richard Guest: Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture, 1823, excerpts [At this Site]
On the application of steam power to cotton looms and the social effects.- William Radcliffe: Origin of...Power Loom Weaving, 1828, excerpts [At this Site]
On the application of steam power to cotton looms.- Railroads
- Steam Ships
- Line of American Packets Between New York and Liverpool, Evening Post, New York, October 27, 1817 [At AMDOCS]
Not steam ships, but an indication of the growth of a market.- Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859): The S.S. Great Britain, 1839 [At Historic UK][Picture+text]
The first ocean-going steam propeller ship.- Two Steamboat Diasters at a Time, The U.S. Nautical Magazine and Naval Journal Vol. IV (1855), p 259. [At AMDOCS]
The Great Engineers
- List of the Great Engineers [At Internet Archive, from Heriot-Watt]
- Charles Babbage Page, (1791-1871) [At Exeter University]
Babbage was a major pioneer in computing.- Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859): Works [At University of Dundee][Modern summary]
- Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859): The Clifton Suspension Bridge
- James Nasmyth: Autobiography, 1897, in chapter files, full text, with illustrations, [At Bibliomania]
The Process of Industrialization
- Tables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization, [At this Site]
- Spread of Railways in Europe [At this Site]
New Technologies
- The Steeel Industry
- Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898): Autobiography, 1905, in chapter files, full text, with illustrations, [At Rochester]
- The Chemical Industry
- Harold Baron: The Chemical Industry on the Continent, 1909 [At this Site]
- Steel
- Electricity
- Efficiency, Automation and the Assembly Line
- Frederick W. Taylor: The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 [At this Site]
- Aviation
- Orville Wright (1871-1948): Telegram to Bishop Milton Wright announcing the first successful powered flight, 17 December, 1903 [At NARA]
- Confidences and Disasters
- WEB Titanic Documents [At NARA]
- Jay Henry Mowbray: The Sinking of the Titanic 1912 [At Gaslight]
- General
- Geology
- Archibald Geikie: Geographical Evolution, 1879 [At this Site]
- Charles Lyell: Principles of Geology III & IV [At this Site]
- Biology: Red in Tooth and Claw
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Voyage of the Beagle, 1845 [At Literature.Org][Full Text]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): On the Origin of Species, 1859 [At Literature.Org][Full Text]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): On the Origin of Species, 1859, extracts [At WSU]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): On the Origin of Species, 1859, extracts [At Hanover]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Descent of Man, 1871 [At Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Descent of Man, 1871, excerpts [At this Site]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Descent of Man, 1871, excerpts on Sexual Selection [At this Site]
- Thomas H. Huxley (1825-95): The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology, 1880, full text [At Alberta]
- Maurice-terlinck (1862-1949): The Life of the Bee [La Vie des Abeilles], translated from French into English
by Alfred Sutro, full text [At ibiblio]- Reaction to Darwin
- Samuel Wilberforce: On Darwin's Origin of Species, 1860
A negative reaction.- J. H. Gladstone: Points of Supposed Collision Between the Scriptures and Natural Science, 1872 [At this Site]
A lecture given at the behest of the Christian Evidence Society, in support of Christianity against the assault of the New Science upon Biblical authority.- St. George Jackson Mivart (1827-1900): On the Genesis of the Species, 1871
Mivart was a Catholic convert who wrote a noted reply to the Darwinian thesis, which he did not dismiss out of hand, in 1871. In 1876, Pope Pius IX conferred on him the degree of doctor of philosophy.- Social Implications of Evolution
- Herbert Spencer (1820-1903): Progess: Its Law and Causes, 1857, excerpts [At this Site]
Social Darwinism by its founder. Note the date!- Herbert Spencer (1820-1903): First Principles, 1862 [At McMaster][Full Text]
- Walter Bagehot: The Use of Conflict, 1872 [At this Site]
An application of evolutionary thought to military conflict.- Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895): The Method of Scientific Investigation, 1863 [At this Site]
- Thomas H. Huxley (1825-95): Science and Culture, 1880 [At this Site]
- Thomas Henry Huxley: The Struggle for Existence, 1888 [At this Site]
- Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895): Evolution and Ethics, 1894 [At Project Gutenberg]
- Andrew White: The Warfare of Science and Theology in Christendom 1898 [At Hanover]
- Karl Pearson: National Life From the Standpoint of Science, 1900 [At this Site]
- Charles Peirce: The Fixation of Belief [At this Site]
- William Graham Sumner (1840-1910): The Challenge of Facts, pub. 1914 [At this Site]
An American social Darwinist mixes on the family and Socialism.- 2ND Robert M. Young: The Impact of Darwin on Conventional Thought [At Human Nature]
- Mathematics
- WEB Articles on the History of Mathematics [At St. Andrews]
- Physics: The End of the Classical Synthesis
- WEB Einstein Online
Splendid collection of texts by and about Einstein, with links to all over the net.- WEB Einstein Revealed [At PBS]
- WEB Einstein Page [At Internet Archive, from Erk]
A great site for texts, with explanations of what they mean.- Albert Einstein (1879-1955): The General Theory of Relativity, part of a lecture at Princeton 1921, [At Internet Archive]
- Albert Einstein (1879-1955): Relativity: The Special and General Theory, 1916 and later edition. [Full Text][At Project Gutenberg]
- Bertrand Russell (1872-1970): Philosophical Consequences of Relativity, written for 13th ed of Encyclopedia Britannica [At HK]
- Chemistry
- Marie Curie (1867-1934): On the Discovery of Radium [At this Site]
- Astronomy
- A.S. Eddington (1882-1944): Stars and Atoms, 1926 in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
- Percival Lowell (1855-1916): Mars, 1895, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
- Psychology: The Obscurity of the Mind
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900, extracts [At WSU]
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 [At PsyWWW][Full Text]
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):: The Interpretation of Dreams, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): The Structure of the Unconscious, from An Outline of Psychoanalysis [At Shippensburg]
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis [At Rasch.org]
- Philosophical Reflections: The End of Reason?
- Auguste Comte (1798-1857): A General View of Positivism [At this Site]
- Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855): The Present Age [At WSU]
See also Richard Hooker's Introduction- Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881): Notes From the Underground [At Virginia]
- Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881): Rebellion and the Grand Inquisitor [At Online Literature]
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): Parable of the Madman [At this Site]
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): The Gay Science [At Hanover]
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): Thus Spake Zarathustra [At This Site][Full Text]
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): Also sprach Zarathustra [At Project Gutenberg][Full Text][In German]
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): The Geneology of Morals, extracts [At WSU]
See also Richard Hooker's Introduction- William James (1842-1910): Essays in Radical Empiricism [At Brock U.][Full Text]
- Science and War Technology
- The Haber Process and Gas Warfare
- Captain Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen [The Red Baron] (1892-1918): Air Warfare [At this Site]
- Scientists Reflections on Science and Meaning
- Ludwig Büchner: Force and Matter--Empirico-Philosophical Studies Intelligibly Rendered, 1855
This is one of the most successful, and early, statements on Materialism stemming from the conclusions of the New Science.- Ernst Haeckel: The Confession of Faith of a Man of Science, 1892
- Albert Einstein (1879-1955): Science and Religion, 1939 [At Einstein and Religion]
Science, Technology and the Transformation in the Means of Production
- Biology: The DNA Revolution
- Image: DNA
- Physics
- Space Exploration
- Courtney G. Brooks. James M. Grimwood and Loyd S. Swenson, Jr.: Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft [At Nasa]
- The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology [At NASA]
- WEB The Apollo 11 Mission [At Historyplace]
- Letters on Board Voyager, 1977, [At Internet Archive, from Letters Magazine]
- Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident [At NASA]
- Computers
- WEB John W. Mauchly and the Development of the ENIAC Computer [At UPenn]
The ENIAC computer, the first large-scale general-purpose electronic computer, was built in 1946. This is a comprehensive illustrated exhibition.- Alan Turing
- Knowledge Based Production
- Mass Education
- Tables showing shift in proportions of economic activity [Agriculture, Manufacture, Service]
- The Internet
- WEB World Wide Web History Project
On the history of the world wide web.- Internet Censorship [At Religious Tolerance][Summary]
- Evan Morris: The Book Lover's Guide to the Internet [At Washington Post]
- Dinty W. Moore: The Emperor's Virtual Clothes The Naked Truth About Internet Culture [At Washington Post]
- The World Environment: Cornucopeian Plenty or a Crisis Situation
- The Club of Rome
- Kirkpatrick Sale: Lessons from the Luddites: Setting Limits On Technology, The Nation, June 5, 1995 [At Calgary]
- Julian Simon: Address [At Internet Archive, from OpusDei]
Comments by a leading "cornucopeian" who claims that there is no need to worry about population growth, global warming, etc.Moral Issues and Modern Science
Use of Atomic Bomb
- WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Hiroshima [At Mt. Holyoke]
- WEB Hiroshima Links
- WEB Enola Gay Perspective [Internet Archive]
- WEB Documents on the Decision to Drop the Bomb [At Truman Library]
- WEB Hiroshima: Was It Necessary
Links to primary documents and modern discussions.- WEB Nagasaki Journey: The Photographs of Yosuke Yamahata [At Exploratorium]
- Albert Einstein: Letter to Roosevelt, Aug 2, 1939 [At Hypertext Book]
- Carl Maag and Steve Rohrer: U.S. Project Trinity Report [At Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
- Hiroshima Survivor's Accounts,[At Inicom]
Genetics and Human Society
Further Resources in the History of Science
- Web Guides
- MEGA Yahoo! History of Science
- MEGA Echo Research Center: History of Science, Technology & Medicine
- MEGA History of Science On the Web [At ChemTeam]
- MEGA History of Science on the Web [At Oklahoma]
- MEGA History of Science/Science Studies Reference Sources [At UCSD]
- MEGA Voice of the Shuttle: Science, Technology, and Culture Page
- MEGA The Physics Pilot [At physicsweb]
Guide to Physics on the Web- MEGA Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering [At MIT]
- Source Materials
- WEB Internet Classics Archive [At MIT]
For classical authors- WEB Alchemical Texts [At Alchemy Web]
From 16th-18th century.- WEB Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry [At Lemoyne]
- WEB ChemTeam: Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry (and Some Physics too)
Over 50 papers in the the history of physics and Chemistry.- Other
- WEB History of Science Society
- WEB History of Science and Technology Database
[Need to be a member/]
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Paul Halsall, July 1998 - February 2001
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Last updated 9/4/2007
