French language texts were created and circulated in Italy in both prose and verse form. Works were also written in Occitan, a language from the area that is now Southern France, and these texts enjoyed an important circulation in Italy as well. These texts were some of the many literary models available to Italian writers of the time, and their presence contributed to the evolution of the culture of writing in Italy, and both reflected and shaped the political realities of the time. The following pages address the role of these texts in the Italian literary and political culture of the twelfth to fifteenth centuries: