| Summary Of Activity in Italy
A self-described dear friend of his patron, Boniface of Montferrat, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras (c. 1180 - c. 1205) was a Provençal troubadour and knight who resided at a number of Italian courts before joining Boniface in the Fourth Crusade. He had accompanied Boniface on a number of other military excursions, including Emperor Henry VI's invasion of Sicily in 1194. Among his twenty-six poems are cansos, a bilingual Provençal and Italian tenso with a female persona, a multilingual descort (with stanzas alternating in Old French, Gascon, Galician, Italian, and Provençal), and an epic letter to Boniface relating his (Boniface's) many adventures. Eight associated melodies surivive.
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Joseph Linskill, The Poems of the Troubadour Raimbaut de Vaqueiras (The Hague, 1964).
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Secondary Literature
Miriam Cabré, "Italian and Catalan troubadours," in The Troubadours: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999,
127-140.
Roy Hagman. "The Multilingual Descort of Raimbaut de Vaqueiras: A Sociophilological Analysis." Tenso 21, no.1 (2006): 16-35.
Roger Wright. "Romance and Ibero-Romance in the Descort of Raimbaut de Vaqueiras." Latin et langues romanes: études linguistiques offertes à József Hermann. Sándor Kiss et al., eds. Tübingen: Niemeyer (2005): 463-472.
See also information on the Latin Empire of Constantinople from the French of Outremer site.
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