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Contradictions of the Enlightenment: Darwin, Freud, Einstein and Modern Art

See Main Page for a guide to all contents of all sections.

Contents

Contradictions of the Enlightenment: Darwin, Freud, Einstein
- The Classical Synthesis
- The Advance of Medical Theory and Treatments
- Geology
- Biology: Red in Tooth and Claw
  - Reactions to Darwin
  - Social Darwinism
- Physics: The End of the Classical Synthesis
- Astronomy
- Psychology: The Obscurity of the Mind
Philosophical Reflections: The End of Reason?
Literature: Humanity's Heart of Darkness?
Visual Arts: What to Do After Photography?

Contradictions of the Enlightenment: Darwin, Freud, Einstein

SUMMARY: Late 19th Century Science and Culture
WEB See History of Science Sourcebook
WEB Philosophers, Scientists and Theologians of the 19th Century [At Internet Archive]
Names, dates, and major works (with text links where available)
The Classical Synthesis
- Michael Faraday (1791-1867): Lectures on the Forces of Matter, 1859 [At this Site]
- Michael Faraday (1791-1867): The Chemical History of A Candle, 1860 [At this Site]
- 2ND John Tyndall: Faraday as a Discoverer, 1894, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
- Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)(1824-1907): Tides, 1882 [At this Site]
- Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)(1824-1907): Wave Theory Of Light, 1884 [At this Site]
- Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz: On The Conservation Of Force, 1863 [At this Site]
- Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz: Ice and Glaciers, 1865 [At this Site]
The Advance of Medical Theory and Treatments
- Edward Jenner (1749-1823): Three Original Publications on Vaccination Against Smallpox, 1798 [At this Site]
- Joseph Lister (1827-1912): Antiseptic Principle of The Practice of Surgery, 1867 [At this Site]
- Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894): Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever, 1843 [At this Site]
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery, 1878 [At this Site]
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1894): Extension of The Germ Theory, 1880 [At this Site]
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Physiological Theory of Fermentation, 1879 [At this Site]
- H.C. Ernst: Extension of The Germ Theory, 1880 [At this Site]
Geology
- Charles Lyell: Principles of Geology III & IV [At this Site]
- Archibald Geikie: Geographical Evolution, 1879 [At this Site]
Biology: Red in Tooth and Claw
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Voyage of the Beagle, 1845 [At Literature.Org][Full Text]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): On the Origin of Species, 1859 [At Literature.Org][Full Text]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): On the Origin of Species, 1859, extracts [At WSU]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): On the Origin of Species, 1859, extracts [At Hanover]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Descent of Man, 1871 [At Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Descent of Man, 1871, excerpts [At this Site]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Descent of Man, 1871, excerpts on Sexual Selection [At this Site]
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals [At Project Gutenberg]
- Reactions to Darwin
  - Samuel Wilberforce: On Darwin's Origin of Species, 1860 [At this Site]
    A negative reaction.
  - St. George Jackson Mivart (1827-1900): On the Genesis of the Species, 1871 [At this Site]
    Mivart was a Catholic convert who wrote a noted reply to the Darwinian thesis, which he did not dismiss out of hand, in 1871. In 1876, Pope Pius IX conferred on him the degree of doctor of philosophy.
  - J. H. Gladstone: Points of Supposed Collision Between the Scriptures and Natural Science, 1872 [At this Site]
    A lecture given at the behest of the Christian Evidence Society, in support of Christianity against the assault of the New Science upon Biblical authority.
- Social Darwinism
  - Herbert Spencer (1820-1903): Progess: Its Law and Causes, 1857, excerpts [At this Site]
    Social Darwinism by its founder. Note the date!
  - Herbert Spencer (1820-1903): First Principles, 1862 [At McMaster][Full Text]
  - Walter Bagehot: The Use of Conflict, 1872 [At this Site]
    An application of evolutionary thought to military conflict.
  - Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895): The Method of Scientific Investigation, 1863 [At this Site]
  - Thomas H. Huxley (1825-95): Science and Culture, 1880 [At this Site]
  - Thomas H. Huxley (1825-95): The Struggle for Existence, 1888 [At this Site]
  - Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895): Evolution and Ethics, 1894. [At Project Gutenberg] [Full text]
  - Andrew White: The Warfare of Science and Theology in Christendom 1898 [At Hanover]
  - Karl Pearson: National Life From the Standpoint of Science, 1900 [At this Site]
  - William Graham Sumner (1840-1910): The Challenge of Facts, pub. 1914 [At this Site]
    An American social Darwinist mixes on the family and Socialism.
  - Lothrup Stoddard: The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man, 1922 [At Patrick Henry Online]
    Practical social darwinism.
  - 2ND Robert M. Young: The Impact of Darwin on Conventional Thought [At Human Nature]
Physics: The End of the Classical Synthesis
- WEB History of Mathematics archive [At St. Andrews]
- WEB Einstein Online
  Splendid collection of texts by and about Einstein, with links to all over the net.
- WEB Einstein Revealed [At PBS]
- WEB Einstein Page [At Internet Archive]
  A great site for texts, with explanations of what they mean.
- Albert Einstein (1879-1955): The General Theory of Relativity, part of a lecture at Princeton 1921, [At Internet Archive]
- Albert Einstein (1879-1955): Relativity: The Special and General Theory, 1916 and later edition. [Full Text][At Project Gutenberg]
- Bertrand Russell (1872-1955): Philosophical Consequences of Relativity, written for 13th ed of Encyclopedia Britannica [At HK]
- Marie Curie (1867-1934): On the Discovery of Radium [At this Site]
Astronomy
- Simon Newcomb (1835-1909): Extent of The Universe, 1884 [At this Site]
- Percival Lowell (1855-1916): Mars, 1895, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
- A.S. Eddington (1882-1944): Stars and Atoms, 1926 in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
- James Nasmyth: Autobiography, 1897, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
Psychology: The Obscurity of the Mind
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900, extracts [At WSU]
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 [At PsyWWW][Full Text]
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): The Interpretation of Dreams, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): The Structure of the Unconscious, from An Outline of Psychoanalysis [At Tripod]
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis [At Rasch.org]
- Sigmund Freud: Civilization & Die Weltanschauung, 1918 [At this Site]

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Philosophical Reflections: The End of Reason?

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860): On Suicide [At Adelaide]
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860): On the Sufferings of the World [At Adelaide]
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860): The Metaphysics of the Love of the Sexes [At Adelaide]
Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855): The Present Age [At WSU]
See also Richard Hooker's Introduction
Auguste Comte (1798-1857): A General View of Positivism [At this Site]
Auguste Comte: View of the Nature and Importance of the Positive Philosophy [At History Guide]
Auguste Comte: The Action of Positivism on the Working classes [At Internet Archive, from Warwick]
Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881): Notes From the Underground [At Virginia]
Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881): Rebellion and the Grand Inquisitor [At Online Literature]
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): Parable of the Madman [At this Site]
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): The Gay Science[At Hanover]
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): Thus Spake Zarathustra, 1891 [Full text][At this Site]
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): Also sprach Zarathustra [At Project Gutenberg][Full Text][In German]
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): The AntiChrist, 1895 [At Project Gutenberg]
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): The Geneology of Morals, extracts [At WSU]
See also Richard Hooker's Introduction
Friederich Nietzsche (1844-1900): "Good and Evil," "Good and Bad" [At Internet Archive, from Warwick]
William James (1842-1910): Essays in Radical Empiricism [At Brock U.][Full Text]
Lugwig Wittgenstein: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus [At Witt]
Hypertext of the Ogden bilingual edition
Kurt Gödel: On Formally Undecidable Propositions Of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems, 1931 [PDF File] [Full Text] [At IBM]

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Literature: Humanity's Heart of Darkness?

Mathew Arnold (1822-88): Dover Beach, c. 1867 [At Toronto]
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900): The Picture of Dorian Gray [At Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924): Heart of Darkness [At Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924): Heart of Darkness, 1899 [At Gaslight][Original Magazine Version]
Joseph Conrad: Lord Jim [At Project Gutenberg][Full Text]
Anatoly Vasilievich Lunacharsky: Marcel Proust, 1924, from Revolutionary Silhouttes [At Marxists.org]
Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926): Poems, in English and German [At Internet Archive, from Norconnect]

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Visual Arts: What to Do After Photography?

Dada
A Surrealist Manifesto: The Declaration of January 27, 1925 [At this Site]

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NOTES: Dates of accession of material added since July 1998 can be seen in the New Additions page.. The date of inception was 9/22/1997. Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some indication of the site name or location]. Locally available texts are marked by [At this Site]. WEB indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview.