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THEMES IN UNDERSTANDING ANCIENT SOCIETIES
The mass of information about the past in the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook is overwhelming. Rather than working through all the material, as if one thing happened after another, one way to make sense of it is to see that there are a number of recurrent themes in human history. Of course we know more about some societies than others, and each society has something unique. But almost all human societies have had to deal in some way with common issues. For instance:
- How to organize human society (political organization)
- How to make sense of nature
- How to account for the past and present
- How to organize human society (Politics)
- How to make sense of nature
- How to account for the past and present
SUGGESTED READINGS
HOW TO ORGANIZE HUMAN SOCIETY (POLITICS)
- Çatal Hüyük [At Northpark]
- The Emergence of Kingship: Inscription of Umma and Lagash, c. 2500BCE [At Northpark]
- Birth Legend of Sargon (c. 2240 BCE)[At Crieghton]
- Hittite King List [At Hittite HP]
- Assyrian Kings List [at aina.org]
- Tiglathpileser I (r. 1115-1077 BCE): Inscription [At Northpark]
- List of Egyptian Dynasties [At Ukonline]
- Birth of Hatshepsut 18th Dynasty [At Creighton]
- David (1000-961 BCE): The Succession Document (aka Court History): 2 Samuel:9-20; 1 Kings:1-2
- Solomon (961-922 BCE)
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Artaxerxes (r. 465-424)[At MIT]
- Seal of Darius (r. 521-486 B.C.) [At WCSLC]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Alexander [At MIT]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Alexander, selections [At Clinch Valley College]
- Alexander (356-323 BCE): Speech, from Arrian (c85/90-after 146/6 CE) The Campaigns of Alexander [At Clinch Valley College]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Demetrius [At MIT]
- List of Ptolemys [At Alberta]
- List of Selucid Kings [At Alberta]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Pyrrhus [At MIT]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): On Romulus [At CCNY]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Caesar (100-44 BCE)[At MIT]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): The Assassination of Julius Caesar, from Marcus Brutus, translated by John Dryden, [At Clinch Valley College]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Anthony (82-30 BCE) [At MIT]
- Cicero (98-c.55 BCE): Selections from Letters on the Rise of Augustus [At Saskatchawen]
- Augustus (63 BCE-14 CE): Selections from the Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At Saskatchawen]
- Augustus (63 BCE-14 CE): Res Gestae [In Latin][At CSUN]
- Ausgustus (63 BCE-14 CE): Select Testimonia [At Saskatachawen]
- Suetonius: Life of Augustus (outline)(63 BCE-14 CE) [At CSUN]
- Nicolaus of Damascus: Life of Augustus (63 BCE-14 CE)[At CSUN]
- Augustus' Legislation [At CSUN]
- Proclamation of Nero's Succession Nov 17, 54 CE [in Greek and English][At St Olaf]
- Tacitus (b.56/57-after 117 CE): Murder of Agrippina (Book XIV, 1-16) [At Heliogabby)
- Tacitus (b.56/57-after 117 CE): The Fire of Rome 64 CE [At IDBSU]
- Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus 13: Trajan [In Latin][At CSUN]
- Aelius Spartianus (dates?): Life of Caracalla [At Heliogabby]
- Aelius Lampridius (dates?): Life of Heligabulus and in Latin (r.218-222 CE)[At Heliogabby][Full Text]
Both lives above are part of the Historia Augusta, prob. 4th Cent CE.- Dio Cassius (2nd-after 229 CE): Book LXXX [At Heliogabby]
- Herodian (early 3rd Cent. BCE): History of the Empire from the Time of Marcus Aurelius, Book 5, [At Heliogabby]
- Code of Hammarabi c.1780 BCE [This Site][Full Text, with introductions]
Hammurabi (or Hammarapi), r. c. 1792-1750 BCE- Code of Hammarabi c.1780 BCE [At EAWC][Full Text]
- Code of Hammarabi c.1780 BCE extracts [At WSU]
- Code of Hammarabi c.1780 BCE extracts and images [At St Olaf]
- The Exodus and Sinai Covenant [At CUA][Modern Summary]
- Discovery of Deuteronomy (c.621 BCE): 2 Kings 18:4, 22
- Solon
- Cleisthenes (c.525-after 507 BCE): Reform Texts [At Reed]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Lycurgus [At MIT]
- The Twelve Tables 451/450 BCE selections, [At CSUN]
- Diocletian (r.284-305 CE): Prices Edict, in Latin [At Bib.Augustana]
- Jesus of Nazareth (c.4 BCE-c.30 CE): The Sermon on the Mount, Matthew 5-7
- Assyrian Army Attacks at City [At Northpark]
- Banquet of Ashurnasiral II (669-626 BCE), [At CCNY]
- Sennacherib's Campaign vs. Judea 701 BCE [At ANET]
- Account of Revolt of the City of Suru of Bit-Halupe 7th Cent BCE[At CCNY]
- Ishtar Gate Inscription c.600 BCE [At St. Olaf]
- Treaty between Mursilis and Duppi-Tessub ANET 203-5 [At Creighton]
- Cyrus (b.580-r.560/59-529 BCE, ): Cylinder Recording Conquest of Babylon (mid 6th Cent. BCE) [At WCSLC]
- The Palette of Narmer 3200BC [At Northpark]
- Josephus (37- after 93 CE): Siege and Fall of Jerusalem 70CE [Jewish War 6:8][At PBS]
- Josephus (37- after 93 CE): Masada [Jewish War 7:9][At PBS]
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): The Histories 440BCE [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter length files][Book VII on the Persian War]
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Selections on the Persian Wars [At Saskatchawen]
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Xerxes Invades Greece from The Histories [At Clinch Valley College]
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): The Battle of Marathon from The Histories [At Northpark]
- Greek Warfare on Vases [At Northpark]
Shows hoplite shields.- Hoplite Soldier in Armor [At WCSLC]
- Hoplites on Vases [At Reed]
- Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): Civil War in Corcyra 433 BCE (Book 3.69-85 here 3.82-83) [At Saskatchawen]
Description of stasis in a Greek polis. This one caused the outbreak of war.- Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE): War Commentaries [At MU]
All the texts.- Valerius Maximus and Livy on Roman Soldiers [At CSUN]
- Roman Soldier's Enlistment, Egypt, 51 CE [At CSUN]
- Letters Written by Roman Soldiers, 2CE [At CSUN[
- Pliny the Elder (23/4-79 CE): On Africa, [At Clinch Valley College]
- The Israelite Judges (c.1200-1050 BCE)
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): The Persians Reject Democracy (Book 3:80-82)
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Croesus and Solon from The Histories [At Clinch Valley College]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Themistocles (c.528-s462 BCE)[At MIT]
- Solon (c.640-after 561 BCE): Selected Fragments, [At Saskatchawen]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Peisistratus, Tyrant of Athens (c.600-527 BCE) (from the Life of Solon, 29-31
- Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): On Aristogeiton and Harmodius, (Book 6) [At PWH]
- Texts on Ostracism at Athens [At CSUN]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Pericles (c.495-429 BCE) [At MIT]
- Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): Pericles' Funeral Oration (Book 2.34-46) [At IDBSU]
- Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): The Mitylenian Debate (Book 3.36-50)[At WCSLC]
- Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): The Melian Dialogue (Book 5.84-116)[At IDBSU]
- Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): Funeral Oration/Melian Dialogue [in one file][At Clinch Valley College]
- Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): Pericles' Last Speech (Book 2:59-64) [At CSUN]
- Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Athenian Constitution [At MIT]
- Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Politics, the beginnings of political society, [At Northpark]
- Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Politics, on the origin of the polis, [At Clinch Valley College]
- The Kings and Ephors of Sparta [At CSUN]
- The Great Rhetra [At CSUN]
- The Krypteia [At CSUN]
Forced theiving.- On Alcman [At CSUN]
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Demaratus and the Spartan Conception of Freedom, from The Histories Book 7, [At WCSLC]
- Thucycdides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): The Failure of the Spartan System (Book 1:94-95, 129-132)
- Xenophon (c.428-c.354 BCE): On the Spartans [At CSUN]
- Pausanias (fl.160 CE): On the Spartan Origins Myth [At CSUN]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Pelopidas (c.410-364 BCE) [At MIT]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Demosthenes (384-322 BCE)[At MIT]
- Livy (59 BCE-17 CE): Selections from Books 1 and 2 [At Saskatachawen]
- Livy (59 BCE-17 CE): The Rape of Lucretia, from History of Rome, [At Clinch Valley College]
- Polybius (c.200-after 185 BCE) Book 6.11-18: The Constitution of the Roman Republic [At Saskatchawen]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Tiberius Gracchus (c.164-133 BCE) [At MIT]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Tiberius Gracchus (c.164-133 BCE) translated by John Dryden, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
See 2ND Sources on Tiberius Gracchus [At Reed]- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE) Life of Caius Gracchus (c.121 BCE)[At MIT]
- The Gracchi [Modern Account][At Reed]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Sulla (c.138-78BCE)[At MIT]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Marius (157-86 BCE)[At MIT]
- Sallust (prob.86-35 BCE): Selections on the Jurgathine War [At Saskatachawen] A Speech by Marius.
- Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) (39-65 CE): Pharsalia (aka "The Civil War") [At OMACL]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Pompey (100-48 BCE)[At MIT]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Crassus (115-53 BCE)[At MIT]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Cicero (98-c.55 BCE)[At MIT]
- Old Assyrian Marriage Contract 19th Cent. BCE [At Creighton]
- Lover Songs of ChesterBeatty Papyrus I [At Egyptology.com]
- Danel's Need for a Son [At Creighton]
- The Song of Songs
- Archilochus (1st half 7th Cent BCE): Selection [At Saskatchawen]
- Sappho (c.580 BCE): Poems, at [Sappho.com]
- Theognis (6th Cent. BCE): Selections [At Saskatchawen]
- The Bacchae won trilogy competition, posthumously, in c.405 BCE
See 2ND Study Guide [At Brooklyn College]- Euripides: Medea
See 2ND Study Guide [At Brooklyn College]- Aristophanes (c.445-c.385 BCE): The Ecclesiazusae (Women in Politics)
- Aristophanes (c.445-c.385 BCE): Lysistrata 411 BCE
See 2ND Study Guide [At Brooklyn College]- Aristophanes (c.445-c.385 BCE): Lysistrata, extracts, [At EAWC]
- Aristophanes (c.445-c.385 BCE): The Thesmophorizusae 411BCE
- Menander (342/1-293/89 BCE): Family Values: Epitrepontes (aka The Arbitrants)[At Warwick][Reconstructed Text]
- Plato (427-347 BCE): The Symposium [At EAWC][Full Text][Chapter length files]
- Plato (427-347 BCE): The Symposium [At PWH][Full Text]
- Aeschines (c.390-c.322 BCE): Against Timarchus [At PWH][Full Text]
- Theocritus (c.320-c.260 BCE): Idylls 12 and 29 (trans. Edward Carpenter)[At PWH]
- Chariton (2nd Cent CE?): Chaireas and Callirhoe [Synopsis of the Plot][At Montclair]
- Lucius Apuleius (c.155 CE): Metamorphoses or The Golden Ass [At Eserver] Latin Text [At Bibliotheca Augustana] Adlington's translation, 1566
Heliodorus (fl. 220-250 CE): Ethiopian Story [Synopsis of the Plot][At Montclair]
- The Memphite Theology [At Creighton]
Ptah as creator god.- Akhnaten (r. 1363-1347 BCE): Hymn to Aten [At Creighton]
- Akhnaten (r. 1363-1347 BCE): Hymn to Aten [At Musenet][Compare to Psalm 104]
- Baal vs. the Sea [At Creighton]
- The Baal Epic [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- Myth of Baal [At Geocities-Qadash Kinahu Site]
- Absolute Monotheism, Isaiah 44-45
- Universalism, Isaiah 48-49, 53
- Theogony [At OMACL]
- The Ancient Greek Gods [At Hellas on Line]
- The Homeric Hymn to Dionysus [At Saskatchawen]
- The First Delphic Hymn 138 BCE [At WSU]
- Xenophanes (c.570-c.470 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Xenophanes (c.570-c.470 BCE)[At Northpark]
- Babylonian Creation Myth [At Northpark]
A 12th century BCE version of a Sumerian account.- The Enuma Elish (The Babylonian Creation Story), c. 2000 BCE [At Creighton]
- The Enuma Elish (The Babylonian Creation Story), c. 2000 BCE and Notes [At CSUN]
- The Enuma Elish (The Babylonian Creation Story), c. 2000 BCE [At SJU]
- The Enuma Elish (The Babylonian Creation Story), c. 2000 BCE [At Gilgamesh]
- The Enuma Elish (The Babylonian Creation Story), c. 2000 BCE [At Akkadian Language Page]
- The Enuma Elish (The Babylonian Creation Story), c. 2000 BCE [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- Atrahasis: Human Creation [At Creighton]
- Atrahasis: Human Rebellion [At Creighton]
- Myth of Adapa [At Creighton]
- Adapa: The First Man [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- Creation by Atum [At Creighton]
- Egyptian Creation Story [Harmonized Version][At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- The Creation Story in J and P Forms [At Scu]
- Penitential Prayer to God [At Northpark]
- Shamash Hymn [At Enteract.com]
The justice of the god.- Gilgamesh Flood Story [At Creighton]
- Gilgamesh Flood Story [At Gilgamesh][Longer text]
- Gilgamesh Flood Story [At SCU][Short text]
- Egyptian Story of Destruction of Mankind [At Creighton]
- Hathor's Rage and the Destruction of Mankind [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- Contention of Horus and Seth [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- Genesis 6-9: Flood Story J and P [At Creighton]
- The Flood Story in J and P Forms and as Parallel Text [At SCU]
- Isis Receives the True and Hidden Name of Re [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- The Osirian Cycle [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- Exodus 14: The Exodus According to J and P [At Creighton]
- Moses (c.1250 BCE?), Exodus 1-15
- The Exodus (c.1250 BCE), Exodus 1-15
- Philo (c.30 BCE-45 CE): On Eating the Passover Meal [At Jewish Heritage]
- Hymn to Demeter 7th Cent BCE [At Ecole]
The canonical text of the Mysteries.- Hymn to Demeter 7th Cent BCE [At Hieron Mysteria]
- Story of Persephone [At Diotima]
- Hymn to Demeter [At Ecole]
The canonical text of the Mysteries.- Classical Texts on Demeter [AT UVIC] Links to Perseus Text
- Orphic Hymn to Hekate 5th Cent BCE [At Hieron Mysteria]
- The Corpus Hermeticum 3rd Cent. CE.
- Cybele: Catullus (c.84-c.54 BCE): Carmina 63 [At Gallae Page]
On the self-emasculating Galli.- Lucius Apuleius (c.155 CE): Lucius Prays to Isis Book 11 of the Golden Ass, [At Eserver]
- Philostratus (2-3rd Cent CE): Life Apollonius of Tyana (b.c.4 BCE)
- Jesus of Nazareth (c.4 BCE-c.30 CE): Claims to Divinity
- Pliny the Younger (61/62-113 CE) Letters of Pliny on the Christians [At PBS] and in Latin/English [At St. Olaf] and in Latin [At Upenn]
- Perpetua's Diary in Prison [At PBS]
- Inanna Texts [At CSUN]
- Domestication of Enkidu [At Creighton]
- Enkidu's Dream [At CCNY]
- Enheduanna's Hymns (c.2280-2200 BCE)[At Angelfire]
- Ishtar's Descent into the Underworld [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- The Marriage of Nergal and Ereshkigal [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- The Descent of Anath into the Underworld: [At AOL-Wiccan Site]
- Epic of Gilgamesh [At WSU][Extended Summary]
See Gilgamesh Tablet [At St Olaf]- Epic of Gilgamesh [At UNT][Outline]
- Epic of Gilgamesh, extracts, [At Clinch Valley College]
- Epic of Gilgamesh, entire text, [At Akkad.com]
- Sumerian Prologue to Gilgamesh [At UPenn]
- The Book of Ani, or the Egyptian Book of the Dead [At Upenn][Full text in E. Wallis Budge's translation.]
- Hymn to Ra, from the Book of Ani, [At Clinch Valley College]
- Book of the Dead, Chapter 25: Judgement of the Dead [At WSU]
- Life after Death, Isaiah 56.
- Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): The Plague of Athens 430 BCE (Book 2.47-55)[At Perseus]
- The Restoration of the Temple (c 520-515 BCE): Ezra 1:2-4, 6:3-5, Haggai 1-2
- Ancient Synagogue Literary Library [Website]
- The Didache (Teaching of the Twelve Apostles) [At American]
- The Problem of Evil, Job
- Zoroastrian Creed [At Clinch Valley College]
- Works and Days [At OMACL]
- Sophocles (496-405/6 BCE): Oedipus the King c.430 BCE [At Vtech]
- Sophocles (496-405/6 BCE): Oedipus at Colonna c.405/6 BCE [At MIT]
- Sophocles (496-405/6 BCE): Antigone 442 BCE [At MIT][Full Text]
- Sophocles (496-405/6 BCE): Antigone 442 BCE [At Diotima]
A much more modern translation, with extensive annotation.- Sophocles (496-405/6 BCE): Antigone 442 BCE excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Stoic Source Texts [At CSUN]
- Greek Magical Papyri I, Papyri II, Papyri III, and Interpretations of Magical Herbs. trans John Opsopous [At UTK]
- Juvenal (fl. early 2nd Cent CE): On the City of Rome [At WSU]
- Marcus Aurelius (121-180 CE): Meditations [At EAWC][Full Text][Chapter files]
- PreSocratic Fragments [At Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy]
- Thales (c.600-550 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Anaximander (c.610-545 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Anaximenes (fl.546 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Anaxagoras (c.500-c.428 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Anaxagoras (c.500-c.428 BCE): Fragments [At 4th Tetralogy]
- Texts about Pythagoras [At CSUN]
- Pythagoras (c.580-c.500 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Parmenides (c.515-after 450 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Parmenides (c.515-after 450 BCE): Fragments [At 4th Tetralogy]
- Zeno of Elea (c.490-after 445 BCE)[At Hanover]
The puzzles still work!- Melissos (5th Cent BCE)[At Hanover]
- Protagoras (c.485-411 BCE) [At Northpark]
Fragments- Gorgias (c.483-c.385 BCE) [At Northpark]
- Heraklitos (c.540-c.480 BCE) [At WSU]
- Heraklitos (c.540-c.480 BCE): Fragments [At 4th Tetralogy]
- Socrates (469-399 BCE)
- Aristophanes (c.445-c.385 BCE): The Clouds, extracts, [At Northpark]
Pokes fun at Socrates.- Plato (427-347 BCE): The Apology, [At EAWC][Full Text]
Plato (427-347 BCE): Last Days of Socrates [Website]
Texts from Euthyphro, Apology, Crito and Phaedo.- Xenophon (c.428-c.354 BCE): On Socrates [At CSUN]
- Plato (427-347 BCE)
- The Republic [At Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy][Full Text][Chapter length files]
- The Republic, extracts, [At Clinch Valley College]
The Philosopher king, and The Cave.- The Crito [At Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy][Full Text]
- WEB Plato and His Dialogues [Website]
- Aristotle (384-323 BCE)
- Nichomachean Ethics, extracts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Epicurus (342-270 BCE) : Letter to Menoecius, From Digenes Laertius (3rd Cent. CE), Lives, [At Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
- Epicurus (342-270 BCE): Principle Doctrines, From Digenes Laertius (3rd Cent. CE), Lives, [At Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
- Epicurus (342-270 BCE): Maxims [At Northpark]
- Lucretius (98-c.55 BCE): On the Nature of Things (De Rerum Natura) [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter files] or one text file [At Virginia Tech]
- Epictetus (50-c.120 CE): Enchiridion, c.135CE [At Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
- Plotinus (c.205-c.270 CE): Six Enneads [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter files]
- Porphyry (232/3-c.305 C.E.): On Cult Images [At Cosmopolis]
Drawn from fragments in Eusebius.- Porphyry (232/3-c.305 CE): On Images [At MIT][Full Text]
- Thales (c.600-550 BCE)[At Hanover]
- Empedocles (c.493-c.433 BCE): Fragments [At 4th Tetralogy]
- Democritus (470/467-366/363 BCE): Aristotle: De Generatione et Corruptione A8
- Lucretius (98-c.55 BCE): On the Nature of Things (De Rerum Natura) [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter files] or one text file [At Virginia Tech]
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Why the Nile Floods in Summer (Hdt. 2.19-2.27) [At Holy Cross]
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Critique of Geography (Hdt. 4.36.2-45.5) [At Holy Cross]
- Geography in Herodotus [At Holy Cross]
- Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Four Causes, [At WSU]
- Euclid (c.300 BCE): Elements [At Clark][Full Text]
The site has Java applets which let you play around with the geometric figures.- Galen (129-199 CE): On the Natural Faculties, [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter files] or one text file [At Virginia Tech]
- The Hippocratic Oath [At Saskatchawen]
- Hippocratic Texts (c.430-330 BCE)[At Virgina Tech][Complete Texts]
- WEB Archimedes (c.287-c.212 BCE)[Website]
The site has extensive source text quotations and illustrations. See for instance this one on Archimedean Solids.- Pliny the Elder (23/4-79 CE): Natural History in Latin [At Kansas][Full Text]
- Legend of Ahikar the Wise [At Aldawood]
- The Instruction of Ptah Hotep 6th Dynasty (2300-2150 BCE)[in Egyptian][on AOL]
- Solomon (961-922 BCE)
- Amos (8th Cent. BCE): Amos
- Jeremiah (526-586 BCE), Jeremiah 7-8, 23, 31'
- Second Isaiah (c.550 )[from Isaiah 40 on]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Solon (c.640-after 561 BCE) selections [At Saskatchawen]
- Solon (c.640-after 561 BCE): Selected Fragments, [At Saskatchawen]
- Plato (427-347 BCE): The Republic, extracts, [At Clinch Valley College]
The Philosopher king, and The Cave.- Aristotle:
- Diogenes Laertius (3rd Cent. BCE): Life of Hipparchia from Lives, Book VI. 96-98[At Diotima]
- Seneca (b.4 BC-1 CE-d. 65 CE): On Tranquillity of Mind 9.4ff and in Latin [At UPenn] On the problem of having too many books.
- Cicero (98-c.55 BCE): The Dream of Scipio [At WSU]
HOW TO ACCOUNT FOR THE PAST & THE PRESENT
- Babel: The Origin of Language, Genesis
- The Letter of Aristeas 3rd Cent BCE [At Non-Canonical Homepage]
- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): Life of Theseus [At MIT]
- The Iliad trans. Samuel Butler [At Darkwing]
- The Iliad trans. Sameul Bulter [At MIT][Full Text]
- See Study Guide [At Brooklyn College]
- Excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- The Odyssey [At MIT][Full Text]
- Aesop (d. 564 BCE): Fables [At Eserver]
- Virgil (70-19 BCE): The Aeneid, Dryden translation, [At EAWC][Full Text][Chapter files]
See 2ND Study Guide [At Brooklyn College]- Virgil (70-19 BCE): The Aeneid, beginning, [At Clinch Valley College]
- Abraham, Genesis 12-24
- Jacob, Genesis 25-36
- Joseph, Genesis 37-50
- Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): The Histories 440BCE [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter length files][Book VII on the Persian War]
- Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): History of the Peloponnesian War, 431 BCE [At MIT][Full Text][Chapter length files]
See 2ND Study Guide [At Brooklyn College]- Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE): On Biography, from Life of Alexander [At CSUN]
- Theon (4th Cent CE): On Biography [At CSUN]
The last known member of the Museum at Alexandria; father of Hypatia)
- Plato (427-347 BCE): Ion
- Plato (427-347 BCE): The Republic
- Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Poetics, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Aristotle (384-323 BCE): Poetics [At Mit][Full Text][Chapter length files]
See 2ND Study Guide [At Brooklyn College]- Pausanias (fl. 160 CE): Apollo at Amaklai [At CSUN]
- Julius Victor (4th Cent CE): On Letter Writing in Latin [At UPenn]
- Plotinus (c.205-c.270 CE): On Beauty Ennead I:6.1 [At EWAC]
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