A Brief Citation Guide for Internet Sources in History and the Humanities
by Melvin E. Page, (pagem@etsuarts.east-tenn-st.edu) for H-AFRICA (h-africa@msu.edu),
Humanities-on-Line and History Department, East Tennessee State University
The following suggestions for citations of Internet sources in history and the
historically based humanities are derived from the essential principles of academic
citation in Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations, 5th ed. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1987). I have also draw
upon suggestions from some of the works listed below. The guide has been improved by the
the students of my Historical Methods classes at East Tennessee State University and my
fellow H-AFRICA editors whom I thank for their assistance. Since the Internet is an evolving institution, this guide is not intended to be
definitive. Corrections, additions, comments, suggestions, and criticisms are therefore
welcome. Please address them to the author at: pagem@etsuarts.east-tenn-st.eduWhen the need for revisions and updates become apparent, new versions of the guide will
be issued.
Bibliographic Citations
Basic citation components and punctuation
Author's Last Name, First Name. [author's internet address, if available]. "Title
of Work" or "title line of message." In "Title of Complete Work"
or title of list/site as appropriate. [internet address]. Date, if available.
The samples below indicate how citations of particular electronic sources might be
made.
Listserv Messages
Walsh, Gretchen. [gwalsh@acs.bu.edu]. "REPLY: Using African newspapers in
teaching." In H-AFRICA. [h-africa@msu.edu]. 18 October 1995.
World Wide Web
Limb, Peter. "Relationships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation
Movements in Southern Africa." [http://neal.ctstateu.
edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-l.html]. May 1992.
FTP Site
Heinrich, Gregor. [100303.100@compuserve.com]. "Where There Is Beauty, There is
Hope: Sau Tome e Principe." [ftp.cs.ubc.ca/ pub/local/FAQ/african/gen/saoep.txt].
July 1994.
Gopher Site
"Democratic Party Platform, 1860." [wiretap.spies.com Wiretap Online
Library/civic & Historical/Political Platforms of the U.S.] 18 June 1860.
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. "Making Difference." [gopher.uic.edu The
Researcher/History/H-Net/H-Amstdy (American Studies)/Essays & Discussions About
American Studies]. 20 July 1995.
Usenet Group Messages
Dell, Thomas. [dell@wiretap.spies.com]. "[EDTECH] EMG: Sacred Texts (Networked
Electronic Versions)." In [alt.etext]. 4 February 1993.
Legg, Sonya. [legg@harquebus.cgd.ucar.edu]. "African history book list." In
[soc.culture.african]. 5 September 1994.
E-mail Messages
Page, Mel. [pagem@etsuarts.east-tenn-st.edu]. "African dance...and Malawi."
Private e-mail message to Masankho Banda, [mbanda@igc.apc.org]. 28 November 1994.
Footnote and Endnote Citations
Basic citation components and punctuation
(note number) Author's First name and Last name,
(author's internet address, if available),
"Title of Work" or "title line of message," in "Title of
Complete Work" or title of list/site as appropriate,
(internet address),
date if available.
The examples below indicate how citations of particular electronic sources might be
made.
Listserv Messages
(1) Gretchen Walsh, [gwalsh@acs.bu.edu], "REPLY: Using African newspapers in
teaching," in H-AFRICA, [h-africa@msu.edu], 18 October 1995.
World Wide Web
(2) Peter Limb, "Relationships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation
Movements in Southern Africa,"
[http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-l.html], May 1992.
FTP Site
(3)Gregor Heinrich, [100303.100@compuserve.com], "Where There Is Beauty, There is
Hope: Sao Tome e Principe," [ftp.cs.ubc.ca/pub/local/FAQ/african/gen/saoep.txt], July
1994.
(4) Sonya Legg, [legg@harquebus.cgd.ucar.edu], "African history book list,"
in [soc.culture.african], 5 September 1994.
Gopher Site
(5) "Democratic Party Platform, 1860," [wiretap.spies.com Wiretap Online
Library/civic & Historical/Political Platforms of the U.S.], 18 June 1860.
(6) Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, "Making Difference," [gopher.uic.edu The
Researcher/History/H-Net/H-Amstdy (American Studies)/Essays & Discussions About
American Studies], 20 July 1995.
Usenet Group Messages
(7) Thomas Dell, [dell@wiretap.spies.com] "[EDTECH] EMG: Sacred Texts (Networked
Electronic Versions)," in [alt.etext], 4 February 1993.E-Mail Messages
(8) Mel Page, [pagem@etsuarts.east-tenn-st.edu], "African dance...and
Malawi," private e-mail message to Masankho Banda, [mbanda@igc.apc.org], 28 November
1994.
Additional Source Material on Internet Citations
Dodd, Sue A. "Bibliographic References for Computer Files in the Social Sciences:
A Discussion Paper." [gopher://info.monash.edu.au:70/00/handy/cites]. Revised May
1990. (Published in IASSIST Quarterl, 14, 2(1990): 14-17.)
Li, Xia and Nancy Crane. Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information.
Westport: Meckler, 1993.
University of Chicago Press Chicago Guide to Preparing Electronic Manuscripts: for
Authors and Publishers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Walker, Janice R. "MLA-Style Citations of Internet Sources." [http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/janice.html].
April 1995.
version 1.130 October 1995Copyright Melvin E. Page, 1995.This document may be reproduced and redistributed, but only in its entirety and with
full acknowledgement of its source and authorship.
Last Updated: February 20, 1996.
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