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Notes:
WEB Link to a World Wide Web site MEGA Link to a site which offers a guide to the net. RG Reading Guide to a text SUMMARY Summary (notes) sheet of period/issue
Paul Halsall, halsall@fordham.edu, Sourcebook CompilerResearch Help
Although I am more than happy to receive notes if you have comments on this web site, I cannot answer specific research enquiries [and - for students - I cannot, or rather will not, do your homework.] See the HELP! page for more suggestions on texts and research.
IMPORTANT: New Structure for the Modern History Sourcebook
As of January 20 1999, the Internet Modern History Sourcebook has been completely reorganized. Each of the main sections had became too large [nearly 300k] to maintain as one file. To see the new arrangement go to the Main Index. The four older index files - Early Modern | Three Revolutions (this page) | 19th Century | Modern World - will all remain available indefinitely, and the URLs of individual files will not alter. But no new texts (after 12/31/1998) will be added to these large index pages. For new texts, use the new structure, or check the New Additions page.
The new structure also includes a comprehensive Full Texts index, a HELP! page, and a Search page.
- Main
- Other Sources of Information on Modern History
- Introduction: Nature of Historiography
- Student Papers and Projects
- Student Papers
- Student Web Projects
- Early Modern Europe
- I: Reformation Europe
- Luther
- Calvin
- Radical Reformers
- English and Scottish Reformation
- Catholic Reformation
- Conflict
- Women and Reformation
- II: The Ancien Regime
- The Early Modern World System
- Structures of Life
- Structures of Politics - Absolutism
- England, Holland, and America - Alternative Polities and Economies
- Scientific, Political, and Industrial Revolutions:
The Transformation of the West [this page]
- III: Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
- IV: American and French Revolutions
- V: The Industrial Revolution
- The Long 19th Century: The Hegemony of the West
- VI: The Century of Ideology and Power
- The Council of Vienna System and Challenges
- Nationalism
- Liberalism
- Conservatism
- 19th-Century Feminism
- 1848: Europe in Revolt
- Britain
- France
- Germany
- Italy
- Other Western European Countries
- Eastern European Countries
- Power and Ideology in the US: North vs. South
- Canada: Another North American Society
- Latin America
- Australia and New Zealand
- Responses to Economic Growth: Socialism and Marxism
- Responses to Economic Growth: Imperialism
- The Second Industrial Revolution and Advanced Capitalism
- Contradictions of the Enlightenment: Darwin, Freud, Einstein and Modern Art
- Religion in the Face of Modernity
- War, Conflict and Progress: The Emerging World
- VII: The End of European Hegemony
- World War I
- The Russian Revolution
- An Age of Anxiety?
- The Depression
- Nazism and World War II
- The Holocaust
- VIII: World Since 1945
- A Bipolar World
- America as World Leader: External Power, Internal Change
- Europe, Yalta to Malta
- Decolonization
- Globalization
- Modern Latin America
- Social Movements
- Post-War Popular Culture
- Post-World War II Philosophy
- Post-World War II Religious Thought
- Science and Technology
New Additions Page
From July 1, 1998 additions to the Modern History Sourcebook will be recorded in this list of document accessions.
III: Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
- SUMMARY: The Scientific Revolution
- 2ND Thomas S. Kuhn: Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962 [At BGSU]
Summary of theories of an important modern theorist of the idea of scientific revolution.- WEB See The Galileo Project [At Rice] for a website focused on the early scientific revolution.
- Traditional Aristotelianism
- Aristotle
- The Great Chain of Being
- New Medieval Analyses of Motion
- Buridan
- Nicholas Oresme (1323-1382): Basic Information [At St. Andrews]
An important late medieval scientist. Not all was dark before Copernicus. Oresme, Catholic Bishop of Lisieux, wrote on the nature of light, and invented coordinate geometry long before Descartes.- The Challenge: Astonomy in the 16th Century
- Nicholas Copernicus: Dedication of The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543 [At Clinch Valley College]; Alternate Text [At Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
- Nicholas Copernicus: The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543, selection from main text, [At this Site]
- Tycho Brahe: Life [AT kth.se]
A web page with illustrations of Brahe's observations and system.- Johannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion [At Hawaii]
A web page illustrating the laws in diagrams- Galileo Galilei: The Turning Point
- Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Letter to the Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615 [At this Site]
RG Reading Guide
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913): Article- Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Letter to the Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615, excerpts, [At CCNY]
- Galileo's Pendulum Experiments - a modern recreation [At Rice]
- The Crime of Galileo: Indictment 1630 [At this Site]
- Cardinal Bellarmine (1542-1621): Information [At Rice]
- Index of Forbidden Books, Some listed authors, 1559-1964.
- Index of Forbidden Books, frontpage of 116 edition [published From 1559 to 1964]
Part of Bonfire of Liberties [At Texas Humanities], an exhibition of banned books. But see also the Vatican Library Exhibition, which shows the role of the Vatican in preserving culture.- 2ND Donald Kobe: Luther and Science [At Leader U.]
Consideration of the relationship between Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution.- Philosophy of Science: Induction/Deduction
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): from First Book of Aphorisms [At this Site]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Preface to the Novum Organum [At Hanover]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): The New Atlantis, 1626, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): The New Atlantis, 1627 [At this Site]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): The New Atlantis, 1626 [At ArtBin][Full Text]
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Various Texts [index at Hanover]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): On Francis Bacon, from Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778 [At this Site]
- Ben Jonson (1573-1625): On Lord Francis Bacon, 1625 [At this Site]
- Réne Descartes (1596-1650): Discourse on Method, 1637, extracts [At WSU]
- Réne Descartes (1596-1650): Discourse on Method, 1637 [At Wiretap][Full text]
- Réne Descartes (1596-1650): Méditations, 1641 [At Wright][Full text][Trilingual edition: Latin, French, and English]
- The Creation of Classical Physics
- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Optics, excerpts [At this Site]
On atomic theory and induction.- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, excerpts [At this Site]
On the rules of reasoning in philosophy.- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, excerpts [At Northpark]
- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Three Laws of Motion, in Latin [At GMU]
- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, [at sympatico.ca] or here [At Tripod]
Complete text with illustrations.- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Principia: Book Two. Lemma II. [At Trinity College Dublin]
Newton describes what is essentially the Product Rule for differentiation, applying it to calculate the `moments' of quantities that are expressed as products of powers of other quantities whose moments are known.- Voltaire (1694-1778): Letters on Newton, from the Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778 [At this Site]
- Cambridge in the Time of Newton [Modern Account][At History House]
- Joseph Priestley: The Discovery of Oxygen, 1776 [At this Site]
- New Medical Theories
- Andreas Vesalius (1514-64): De humani corporis fabrica, 1543, frontispiece of 1555 edition, [At UAB], and see Detailed Images [At Medicina Antiqua]
See also Brief Bio [At Plymouth], or here [At Virginia], or here [At Vanderbilt]- Vesalius Image Archive [At Vesalium.com]
Archive of medical and anatomical images. Not for the squeamish.- 16th Century Surgeon [At CCNY]
- William Harvey (1578-1657): On The Motion of The Heart And Blood In Animals, 1628 [At this Site]
- William Harvey (1578-1657): On the Motion of the Heart, excerpts [At this Site]
- Scientific Institutions
- Letters Patent Establishing the French Academy, 1635, excerpts [At Hanover]
- Dr. John Wallis: The Origin of The Royal Society, 1645-1662 [At this Site]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): On The Royal Society And Other Academies from Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778 [At this Site]
- The Scientific Attitude
- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): Experiments with Balloons, 1783 [At this Site]
- WEB Eighteenth Century Resources [At Upenn]
- WEB Web Guide to Historians and Philsophers [At Copenhagen]
- WEB Restoration and Eighteenth Century English Literature [At ACCD]
Listing of the major British authors, with dates of their works, and links to the works when online.- SUMMARY: Rebirth of Philosophy: Empiricism and Rationalism
- Precursors
- John Locke: see Early Modern Europe Page
- Voltaire (1694-1778): On John Locke, from Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778 [At this Site]
- The Enlightenment as a Propaganda Project
- Denis Diderot (1713-1784): Encyclopedie [At Chicago]
This is a link to the beginning of a complete online version of the Encyclopedia.- Denis Diderot (1713-1784): Regrets sur ma vieille robe de chambre ou avis à ceux qui ont plus de goût que de fortune, 1772, in French [At Bib. Lisieux]
- Jean La Rond D'Alembert: Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot [At WSU]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Letters on Newton, from the Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, c. 1778 [At this Site]
RG Reading Guide- Voltaire (1694-1778): Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques, full text, c. 1778 [At this Site]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau: Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar, 1782 [At this Site]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Patrie, in The Philosophical Dictionary, 1752 [At this Site]
Voltaire's attack on national chauvinism - and his views than people should be citizens of the world.- Voltaire (1694-1778): Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne, 1756 [At Geneva][In French]
- Rev. Charles Davy: The Earthquake at Lisbon, 1755 [At this Site]
It was this earthquake that was behind Candide, and Voltaire's attack on Leibniz- Voltaire (1694-1778): Candide, 1759, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Candide, 1759 [At Virginia Tech][Full Text]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): A Treatise on Toleration, 1763 [At WSU]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Traité sur la tolérance, 1763 [At Geneva][In French]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): On English Government, from Philosophical Dictionary, 1764 [At Civnet]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Les droits des hommes et les usurpations des papes, 1768 [At Geneva][In French]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Selections from the Philosophical Dictionary [At Hanover]
- Charles Louis de Secondat Montesquieu (1689-1755): Persian Letters, Nos. 11 & 12, 1721 [At Clinch.edu]
- Charles Louis de Secondat Montesquieu (1689-1755): Persian Letters, No. 13, 1721 [At this Site]
- The Enlightenment and Political Analysis
- SUMMARY: Enlightenment Political Thought
- Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755): The Spirit of the Laws, 1748, excerpts [At this Site]
- Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755): The Spirit of the Laws, 1748, alternative excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke: On Patriotism, 1730-1754 [At this Site]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau: A Dissertation On the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality of Mankind, Parts 1 and 2, 1755, extended excerpts, [At this Site]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): A Discourse Upon The Origin and The Foundation of The Inequality among Mankind, full text, [At this Site]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78): Second Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, 1755 [At this Site]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78): Discours sur l'Origine et les Fondements de l'Inégalité parmi les Hommes, 1755 [At Geneva][Full Text][In French]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract, 1763, extended excerpts, [At this Site]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78): The Social Contract, 1763, extracts [At this Site]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78): The Social Contract, 1763, extracts [At WSU]
RG Reading Guide- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78): Du contrat social, 1763 [At Geneva][Full Text][In French]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78): Emile: Chapter 2 [At Clinch Valley College]
- Cesare Beccaria: An Essay on Crimes and Punishments, excerpts [At this Site]
- The Enlightenment Evaluation of the Human Condition
- Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal [At ArtBin]
- Condorcet (1743-94): On the Future Progress of the Human Mind, 1794 [At this Site]
RG Reading Guide- Gotthold Ephriam Lessing (1729-1781): The Education of The Human Race, 1778 [At this Site]
- The Enlightenment and Economics
- Adam Smith (1723-90): Wealth of Nations, 1776, chapter 1 [At WSU]
On the division of labor.- Adam Smith (1723-90): Wealth of Nations, 1776, extracts [At WSU]
On prices- Adam Smith (1723-90), Of Colonies, from The Wealth of Nations, 1776 [At American Revolution]
- Adam Smith (1723-90), The Cost of Empire, from The Wealth of Nations, 1776 [At American Revolution]
- Adam Smith (1723-90): Wealth of Nations, Full Text. [At Artbin]
- Adam Smith (1723-90): The Wealth of Nations, in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
- Enlightenment and Philosophy
- David Hume: Of the Dignity or Meanness of Human Nature [At this Site]
- David Hume (1711-1776): Of the Standard of Taste, 1760 [At this Site]
- Edmund Burke: On Taste, c. 1756 [At this Site]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): On Paternalism, from On the Relationship of Theory to Practice in Political Right, 1792 [At Civnet]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Critique of Pure Reason, 1781, (1929 Norman Kemp Smith translation), excerpts [At this Site]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, and RTF Version, 1783 [At Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy][Full text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): What is Enlightenment?, 1784 [At this Site]
- Michel Foucault (1926-84): What is Enlightenment? [At Lund]
- Enlightenment Attitudes
- Jonathan Swift (1667-1745): Hints Towards An Essay On Conversation, 1713 [At this Site]
- Daniel Defoe: On The Education Of Women, 1719 [At this Site]
- Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): Selected Prose and Poetry [At U Oregon]
- Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey, [At this Site]
- Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): Dining With The Sultana, 1718 [At this Site]
- The Social Setting
- The First English Coffee-Houses, c. 1670-1675 [At this Site]
- Paris Salons in the 18th Century [At this Site]
On Enlightenment society hostesses.- Enlightenment Philosophy - Full Texts
- Michel de Montaigne: Essays, 1575 [At HK][Full Text]
More a pre-cursor than an Enlightenment thinker!- John Locke (1632-1704): An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690 [At Virginia Tech][Full text]
- George Berkeley: A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge, 1710 [At UTM][Full Text]
- George Berkeley: A Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics [At Trinity College Dublin][Full Text]
- Gottfried Leibniz: The Monadology, 1714. [At UTM][Full Text]
- Adam Smith (1723-90): Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759 [At McMaster][Full text]
- David Hume: Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding [At CMU] or Parts I-VII and Parts VIII- [At Artbin][Full Text]
- David Hume: Essays on Suicide and Immortality, 1783 ed. [At CMU][Full Text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics, 1780 [At HK][Full Text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): The critique of pure reason, 1781 [At liu.se][Full Text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 , (1929 Norman Kemp Smith translation) [At UHK][Full Text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Introduction to the metaphysics of morals, 1785 [At liu.se][Full Text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Fundamental principles of the metaphysic of morals, 1785 [At liu.se][Full Text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals [At Virginia Tech][Full Text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Critique of practical reason, 1788 [At liu.se][Full Text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Critique Of Judgment, 1790, [At CMU][Full Text]
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): The Science Of Right, 1790, [At CMU][Full Text]
- Enlightenment Politics and Economics - Full Texts
- Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, Translated by Thomas Nugent, revised by J. V. Prichard, 1914 ed., [At Constitution.org][Full text]
- Jean Jacques Rousseau: A Discourse on Political Economy, 1755, [At Constitution.org][Full text]
- Adam Smith (1723-90): Wealth of Nations, 1776 [At Virginia Text][Full text]
- Adam Ferguson: An Essay on the History of Civil Society, 1767 [At McMaster][Full text]
- Caesar Beccaria: A Discourse on Public Economy and Commerce [At McMaster][Full text]
- Caesar Beccaria: A Discourse on Public Economy and Commerce [At Bristol][Full text]
- David Hume (1711-1776): Selected Essays, [At Constitution.org][Full texts]
- David Hume (1711-1776): Of the Original Contract, 1748, [At Constitution.org][Full text]
- David Hume (1711-1776): Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth, 1754, [At Constitution.org][Full text]
- David Hume (1711-1776): On Interest [At McMaster][Full text]
- David Hume (1711-1776): On the Balance of Trade [At McMaster][Full text]
- David Hume (1711-1776): On Money, 1752 [At McMaster][Full text]
- Jeremy Bentham: Defence of Usury, 1787 [At Mcmaster][Full text]
- Blackstone's Commentaries, with notes by St. George Tucker, 1803, [At Constitution.org][Full text]
- David Ricardo (1772-1823): The principles of political economy and taxation, 1815 (third ed. 1821) [At McMaster][Full text]
- James Kent: Commentaries on American Law, 1826, [At Constitution.org][Full text]
Government in the Age of Enlightenment
- Peter the Great and the Rise of Russia, 1682-1725, various accounts [At this Site]
- Catherine the Great of Russia: Various Documents on Enlightenment and Government, excerpts [At this Site]
- Frederick II of Prussia (1740-1786): Essay on Forms of Government, excerpts [At this Site]
- Frederick II of Prussia (1740-1786): Political Testament, excerpts [At Northpark]
- Joseph II of Austria: Ideals [At CCNY]
- The Division of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795 [At this Site]
- The Decline of the Holy Roman Empire and the Rise of Prussia, 1700-1786 [At this Site] Contains:
- Samuel Pufendorf: History of the Principal Kingdoms, 1700
- Count von Seckendorf: On Frederick William I
- Isaac Isaacsohn: History of the Prussian Civil Service
- Letters of Prince Frederick and Frederick William I
- Frederick II (1740-1786): Memoirs
- Frederick II (1740-1786): Essay on Froms of Government
- Opposition to Religion
- David Hume (1711-1776): On Miracles, excerpts from Human Understanding [At this Site]
- Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Religion [At this Site]
- Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Essays on Religion [At this Site]
- Rational Christianity
- John Locke: On the Reasonableness of Christianity [At Baylor]
- William Paley: Natural Theology [At Baylor]
- Joseph Addison: The Spacious Firmament [At Baylor]
A Hymn, to God as Watchmaker?- Thomas Jefferson: The Bible [At Angelfire]
Jefferson's re-writing of the Bible "as it should be" - with no miracles and little theology.- Evangelicalism
- WEB The Wesleys and Their Times [At UMC]
A site with many orginal texts.- John Wesley (1703-91): Texts [index at Hanover]
- John Wesley (1703-91): Predestination Calmly Considered
- John Wesley (1703-91): Advice to a People Called Methodist, 1745 [At UMC]
- John Wesley (1703-91): The Character of a Methodist [At UMC]
- Jonathan Swift: Abolishing of Christianity in England, [At CMU][Full Text]
- Catholic Pietism
- St. Alphonsus Ligouri (1696-1787): Uniformity with God's Will [At Wheaton][Full Text]
- Pascal: Pensees [At HK][Full Text]
- Jewish Responses
- 16th Century Hebrew Printed Bible [At CCNY]
- The Instructional Bequest of The Baal Shem Tov [At havienu.org]
The Baal Shem Tov was the founder of the Hasidic movement among Eastern European Jews.- Moses Mendelsohn
Back to Index
IV: American and French Revolutions
- WEB See the Avalon Project - American 18th Century Documents [At Yale]
- WEB See the American Revolution Site for Documents and Essays
- WEB The American Revolution [At H-Net]
- WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy -Pre-1898 [At Mt. Holyoke]
- WEB The Revolutionary Generation in America [Course at Brooklyn College]
- American Origins
- Richard Hakluyt: Discourse of Western Planting, 1584 [At American Revolution]
- Thomas Hariot: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of VIRGINIA, full text, [At Virginia]
- Samuel de Champlain, Voyages, excerpts, 1604 [At American Revolution]
- Samuel de Champlain: The Foundation of Quebec, 1608 [At this Site]
- Instructions for the Virginia Colony, 1606 [At American Revolution]
- The First Virginia Charter, 1606 [At American Revolution]
- The Second Virginia Charter, 1609 [At American Revolution]
- The Third Virginia Charter, 1612 [At American Revolution]
- First, Second, & Third Virginia Charters [At U Oklahoma]
- An Ordinance and Constitution of the Virginia Company in England for a Council of State and General Assembly, 24 July 1621 [At American Revolution]
- Charter of Massachusetts Bay, 1629 [At U Oklahoma] or here [At American Revolution]
- William Bradford: History of Plymouth Plantation, c. 1650 [At this Site]
- Mayflower Compact, 1620 [At Yale], or here [At Civnet] or here [At American Revolution]
- John Winthrop: A Model of Christian Charity, 1630 [At Hanover]
- Anne Bradstreet: A Dialogue Between Old England and New, 1630 [At Hanover]
- Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639 [At Yale] or here [At Civnet] or here [At American Revolution]
- Massachusett's Body of Liberties, 1641 [At Hanover College]
- Massachusett's Body of Liberties: The Body of Liberties, 1-49, and The Body of Liberties, 50-98, 1641 [At Hanover College]
- John Winthrop: Arbitrary government described and the Government of the Massachusetts vindicated from that aspersion, 1644 [At this Site]
- The Maryland Toleration Act, 1649 [At American Revolution]
- Sir Henry Vane: Healing Question, 1656 [At this Site]
A proposal for civil and religious liberty by the former governor of Massachusetts.- Connecticut Colony Charter, 1662 [At U Oklahoma]
- Samuel Green, ed.: Groton in Witchcraft Times, c.1671 [At Hanover]
- First Thanksgiving Proclamation, 1676 [At U Oklahoma]
- Bacon's Declaration in the Name of the People, 30 July 1676 [At American Revolution]
The rebellion in Virginia- Governor William Berkely: On Bacon's Rebellion, 19 May 1676 [At American Revolution]
- Edward Randolph Condemnation of the Massachussetts Bay Company, 12 June 1683 [At American Revolution]
- Memoir for the Marquis de Seignelay Regarding the Dangers That Threaten Canada and the Means to Remedy Them, January 1687 [At American Revolution]
- Instructions to Sir Edmund Andros, 1686 [At Hanover]
- Commercial Orders to Governor Andros, 1686-1687 [At Hanover]
- Orders For Sending Sir Edmund Andros To England, 1689 [At Hanover]
- William Penn (1644-1718): Some Fruits of Solitude In Reflections And Maxims, 1682 full text, [At this Site]
- Penn's Plan for a Union, 1697 [At American Revolution]
- William III: Address to Parliament on the French Question, 31 December 1701 [At American Revolution]
- Robert Beverley: On Bacon's Rebellion, 1704 [At American Revolution]
- The North Carolina Biennal Act, 1715 [At American Revolution]
- Governor Gabriel Johnston: Request to repeal the Biennal act, 18 October 1736 (translated) [At American Revolution]
- Disposition of the North Carolina Biennal Act, 1737 (translated)
- Massachusetts House of Representatives: On the Governor's Salary, 11 September 1728 (translated) [At American Revolution]
- Governor Burnet of Massachusetts: On the Governor's Salary, 17 September 1728 (translated) [At American Revolution]
- French Memoir: On the English Aggression, October 1750 [At American Revolution]
- Marquis de la Galissoniere: Memoir on the French Colonies in North America, December 1750 [At American Revolution]
- Petition to Parliament: Reasons for making bar, as well as pig or sow-iron, ca. 1750 [At American Revolution]
- Petition to Parliament: Reason against a general prohibition of the Iron Manufacture in Plantations [At American Revolution]
- Albany Plan of Union, 1754 [At Civnet] or here [At American Revolution]
- John Woolman (1720-1772): Journal, full text, [At this Site]
Journal of an 18th century English Quaker and his travels among Friends in America.- J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur (1735-1813): What Is an American? [At this Site]
- J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (1735-1813): Letters From An American Farmer: Letter 3: What is an American, 1782 [At UVA]
- J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (1735-1813): Letters From An American Farmer [At UVA][Full Text]
- Scottish Immigration to the American Colonies, 1772 [At this Site]
- Early New York
- Johan De Laet (1582-1649): New World, or Description of West-India: Of the Nature of the Land and Manners of the Folk on the Great River of Mountains [At Brooklyn/Burrows]]
On New Netherlands, ie New York.- Nicolaes Van Wassenaer: Excerpts from the "Historisch Verhael" (Historical Account), 1624-1630 [At Brooklyn/Burrows]
By resident of Amsterdam named Nicolaes Van Wassenaer on the formation of the Dutch West India Company and its colonizing efforts in New Netherland.- Isaack de Rasieres: Excerpts from a Letter to Samuel Blommaert, c.1628 [At Brooklyn/Burrows]
On earliest New York.- Oath of a Freeman of the City of New York, 1731 [At Brooklyn/Burrows]
- Table: Population of North American Ports to 1775 [At Brooklyn/Burrows]
- Benjamin Franklin
- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of Paper Currency [At American Revolution]
- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): Journal of a voyage from England to Philadelphia, 1726 [At American Revolution]
- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): How I became a printer in Philadelphia, from his autobiography [At American Revolution]
- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): The Autobiography [At American Revolution]
- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): The Art of Virtue [At this Site]
- WEB Benjamin Franklin: Works [At VTech] [At U Oklahoma]
- American Revolution
- Governor Glen, The Role of the Indians in the Rivalry Between France, Spain, and England, 1761
- Peace Treaty of Paris, 1763 [At American Revolution]
- Daniel Dulany: Considerations, October 1765 [At American Revolution]
- Soame Jenyns: The Objections to the taxation consider'd, 1765 [At American Revolution]
- The Resolutions of the Stamp Act, Oct. 19, 1765 [At U Oklahoma] or
- here [At American Revolution]
- William Pitt: Speech on the Stamp Act, January 14 1766 [At American Revolution]
- John Dickenson: Letter 2, from Letters from a Farmer, 1767-1768 [At American Revolution]
- John Dickenson: Letter 4, from Letters from a Farmer, 1767-1768 [At American Revolution]
- Captain Preston: Account of the Boston Massacre, March 5 1770 [At American Revolution]
- Anonymous: Account of the Boston Massacre, March 5 1770 [At American Revolution]
- Samuel Adams: The Rights of the Colonists, 1772 [At Hanover]
- First Continental Congress, October 1774 [At American Revolution]
- Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, October 1774 [At American Revolution] or here, October 1774 [At Yale]
- The Charlotte Town Resolves, 1775 [At American Revolution]
- Daniel Leonard: Letter, of January 9, 1775 [At American Revolution]
- John Adams: Novanglus, February 6, 1775 [At American Revolution]
- Patrick Henry: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death, March 23, 1775 [At U Oklahoma]
- Mecklenberg Declaration of Independence, May 1775 [At this Site]
- Yankee Doodle [At U Oklahoma]
- Thomas Paine (1737-1809): The American Crisis [At Yale]
- Second Continental Congress: Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms, July 6 1775 [At American Revolution] or Declaration of Arms July 6, 1775 [At U Oklahoma]
- Edmund Burke (1729-1797): On Conciliation with America, March 22, 1775 [At American Revolution]
- Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Common Sense, full text [At this Site]
- Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Common Sense, Jan 1776 [At American Revolution] or Plain Text Version][at HK]
- Loyalism
- WEB MARYLAND LOYALISTS and the American Revolution
The site covers the loyalisyt cause with texts, images, and sound files.- James Chalmers (Candidus) (1727-1806): The Plain Truth, March 1776 [At Candidus]
A Loyalist answer to Common Sense- Charles Inglis: The True Interest of America Impartially Stated, 1776 [At American Revolution]
- George Washington: Letter to John Hancock, September 24, 1776 [At American Revolution]
- Thomas Jefferson: Draft of the Declaration of Independence [At American Revolution]
- Declaration of Independence, 1776 [At Yale] or here [At American Revolution]
- Locke's Second Treatise/Declaration of Independence, side by side [At Anesi]
- Albigence Waldo: From the diary of a Surgeon at Valley Forge, 1777 [At American Revolution]
- Exchange of Notes Re: Articles 2 and 3 of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France, February 6, 1778 [At Yale]
- Thomas Paine, The American Crisis, 1780-1783 [At American Revolution]
- Ebenezer Denny: From His diary, 1781 [At American Revolution]
Describing the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown- Samuell Searls: Letter, May 12, 1782 [At American Revolution]
- Paris Peace Treaty, 1783 [At Yale] or here [At American Revolution]
- 2ND Intelligence in the American War of Independence [At ODCI]
- The Establishment of the American State
- WEB Rare & Historical Newspapers [At Early America] [At U Oklahoma]
- Albany Plan of Union, 1754 [At Civnet]
- Articles of Confederation, 1781 [At Yale] or here [At American Revolution]
- The Federalist Papers [index at Yale] or here [At American Revolution]
- The Jefferson Papers [index at Yale]
- James Madison : Notes on Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 [At Yale]
- Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776 [At Yale] or here [At American Revolution]
- Thomas Jefferson: Draft for a Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, 1779 [At American Revolution]
- Virginia Stature for Religious Freedom, 1786 [At Civnet]
Drafted by Jefferson and Madison, Jefferson considered it one of his greates achievements. The basis for the later First Amendment.- James Madison: Memorial and Remonstrance, 1785 [At American Revolution] or Memorial and Remonstrance June 20, 1785 [At U Oklahoma]
- Annapolis Convention Sept. 14, 1786 [At U Oklahoma] or here [At American Revolution]
- James Madison:Speech proposing the Bill of Rights, June 8, 1789 [At American Revolution] and here [At LSU]
- James Madison: The Federalist No.10, 1787 [At Civnet]
- United States Constitution, 1787 [At Yale] or here [At American Revolution]
- Letter of Transmittal of the U.S. Constitution Sept. 17, 1787 [At U Oklahoma] or here [At American Revolution]
- Bill of Rights and the Amendments to The Constitution [At American Revolution]
- The Judiciary Act of 1789 [At Civnet]
established federal judiciary.- George Washington: Thanksgiving Proclamation, 1789 [At this Site]
- Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793 [At American Revolution]
- Fugitive Slave Law 1793 [At U Oklahoma]
- The Jay Treaty, 1794 [At American Revolution]
- George Washington: Farewell Address, 1796 [At Civnet] or here [At American Revolution]
Washington's call the avoidance of "entangling alliances".- John Adams: Inaugural address, 1797 [At American Revolution]
- Inaugural Addresses of US Presidents, 1789-1997, Index [At this Site]
- WEB Papers of George Washington [At Virginia]
- Sedition Act July 14, 1798 [At U Oklahoma]
- Thomas Jefferson: First Inaugural, 1801 [At Civnet] or here [At American Revolution]
- Thomas Jefferson: Autobiography 1743-1790, 1821 [At this Site]
Includes his account of events in Paris in 1789.- WEB Works of Thomas Jefferson [At Virgina Tech]
- Commentators on America
- Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America, 1831, excerpts [At Hanover]
- Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America, Bk II, Chapters 22, 24, 25 [At Mt. Holyoke]
- Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America, excerpts, Book II: Chapter 8: Book III, Chapters 3, 4 [At this Site]
- Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America, 1835, excerpts [At Civnet]
- Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America [At Virginia][Full Text]
- Native Americans
- WEB See Native American Resources on the Web
- WEB US Treaties with Native Americans: 1778-1868 [At Yale]
Contains treaties/documents dealing with the following peoples: 1778: Delawares; 1782 Chickasaw; 1784 Six Nations; 1785 Wyandot, Cherokee; 1786 Chocktaw, Chickasaw, Shawnee; 1789 Wyandot, Six Nations; 1790 Creeks; 1791 Cherokee; 1794 Cherokee, Six Nations, Oneida; 1795 Greenville; 1805 Chickasaw; 1816 Chickasaw; 1818 Chickasaw; 1826 Chickasaws and Choctaws; 1828 Potawatami; 1830 Chickasaw; 1832 Potawatami; 1852 Apache; 1853 Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache; 1865 Cheyenne and Arapaho; Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho; 1867 Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache; 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty.- WEB Statutes of the United States Concerning Native Americans: Chronological [At Yale]
- WEB Relations Between The United States and Native Americans [At Yale]
Statutes, treaties, cases, and presidential messages to Congress.- Thomas Morton: Manners and Customs of the Indians (of New England), 1637 [At this Site]
- Governor Glen, The Role of the Indians in the Rivalry Between France, Spain, and England, 1761 [At American Revolution]
- The Constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy [At this Site]
- Remonstrance of the Pennsylvania Frontiersmen: On the Indians, 1764 [At this Site]
Calls for the removal of Indians.- Chief Black Hawk (1767-1838): Autobiography [At this Site]
- Black Hawk: Surrender Speech, 1832 [At Civnet]
- Smallpox, Indians, and Blankets [At this Site]
- The Treaty of Greenville, 1795 [At this Site] or here [At American Revolution]
- Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia, 1831 [At Mt. Holyoke] or here [At American Revolution]
- The Autobiography of Geronimo, full text, [At American Revolution]
- Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881): The Destiny of the Indian, 1851 [At this Site]
- The Dawes Act, 1887 [At Yale]
An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations, and to Extend the Protection of the Laws of the United States and the Territories over the Indians, and for Other Purposes.- Slavery
- Pope Nicholas V: Bull Authorizing African Slave Trade
- Pope Paul III: Sublimus Dei [On Slavery], 1537 [At American]
A Papal Bull attacking the slave trade. The first pope to condemn slavery as "intrinsically evil" was John Paul II.- Gottlieb Mittelberger, On the Misfortune indentured Servants [At American Revolution]
- Chart: Atlantic Slave Trade: Carriers and Destinations of Enslaved People [At this Site]
- Oladuah Equiano: The Life of Gustavus Vassa [At this Site]
- Oladuah Equiano: The Life of Gustavus Vassa [At Northpark]
- Oladuah Equiano: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African, London, 1789 [At Hanover]
- Abraham up Den graef: A Minute Against Slavery, 1688. [At Quaker Writings]
The first religious protest against slavery in America, made at a Quaker meeting house.- Slaves' Appeal to Thomas Gage, Royal Governor of Massachusetts, May 25 1774 [At this Site]
An interesting use by enslaved people of arguments drawn from Natural Rights theory, Christian brotherhood, and moral outrage.- Thomas Jefferson: Notes on Slavery [At American Revolution]
- John Wesley (1703-91): Thoughts Upon Slavery, 1774 [At UMC]
Wesley was opposed to slavery, but this is interesting as it includes explict descriptions of the way in which people were enslaved and treated. A great example of the moral force of Evangelical Christianity.- Brother Joseph Mobberly SJ.: Slavery, or Cham, c.1818 [At Georgetown]
A defense of slavery by an American Jesuit.Liberal and Radical Revolution in France
- WEB Livre des sources médiévales
Contains considerable material in French on the Ancien Regime and the Revolution.- WEB French Revolution Links [At Portsmouth]
- SUMMARY: The French Revolution
- Lead-Up
- Marie Antoinette: Letter to Her Mother, 1773 [At this Site]
- Madame Campan: Memoirs of the Private Life of Marie Antoinette, 1818 [At this Site]
- Arthur Young (1741-1820): Travels During the Years 1787, 1788 and 1789 [At Northpark]
- Arthur Young (1741-1820): Travels in France, 1792. excerpts [At Hanover]
- Sample Cahiers de Doleances, 1789 [At Hanover][Mostly from Blois]
- Cahier of 1789: The Clergy of Blois and Romorantin [At Hanover]
- Cahiers of 1789: The Nobility of Blois [At Hanover]
- Cahiers of 1789: The Third Estate of Versailles [At Hanover]
- Cahiers of 1789: The Third Estate of Carcassonne [At Hanover]
- Cahiers of 1789: Cahiers de Doleances of Carcassone, 1789 [At Hanover]
- Cahier of the Third Estate of Dourdan, March 29, 1789 [At Clinch Valley College]
- Liberal Revolution
- French Revolutionary Pamphlets, 1789-91 [At Chicago]
- Abbé Sieyes: What is the Third Estate? [At this Site]
RG Reading Guide - Early French Revolution- The Tennis Court Oath, June 20, 1789 [At Clinch Valley College][With facsimiles of the Document]
- Declaration of the Rights of Man, 26 August, 1789 [At Yale]
- Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme, 26 August, 1789 [At cnam.fr][In French]
- Decree Abolishing Feudalism, 1789 [At Hanover]
- Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790 [At Hanover]
- Radical Revolution
- Documents of the National Convention, c. 1792 [At Hanover]
- Proclamation of the Duke of Brunswick, 1792 [At Hanover]
The threat that lead to the onset of the French Revolutionary wars.- Ça Ira [At this Site]
The most popular of the revolutionary songs- The Marseillaise [At this Site] and Midi File [At National Anthems of the World] or All Seven Verses in French with audio [At Geocities]
- The Leveé en Masse, August 23, 1793 [At this Site]
- The Doctrine of Graccus Babeufh, 1795 [At Clinch Valley College]
- Conversion of French revolutionary and Common Era Dates [At CIS]
- Edmund Burke (1729-1797): The Death of Marie Antoinette [At this Site]
- St. Just (d.1794): Republican Institutes [At Hanover]
- Maximilian Robespierre (1758-94): On the Festival of the Supreme Being,, 1794 [At this Site]
- Maximilien Robespierre (1758-94): On the Principles of Political Morality, 1794, excerpts [At this Site]
- Maximilian Robespierre (1758-94): Terror and Virtue, 1794 [At this Site]
RG Reading Guide- 2ND Gwynne Lewis: The People and the French Revolution [At Warwick]
- Responses to Revolution
- Olympe de Gouges: Declaration of the Rights of Women, 1791, excerpts [At this Site]
- Edmund Burke (1729-1797): Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1791, short excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Edmund Burke (1729-1797): Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1791, moderate length excerpts [At Baylor]
- Edmund Burke (1729-1797): Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1791, extended excerpts [At this Site]
- Edmund Burke (1729-1797): Reflections on The Revolution in France [At ArtBin][Full Text]
- Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Rights of Man 1792 [At Yale]
A response to Edmund Burke.- Thomas Paine(1737-1809): The Rights of Man, 1791-1792 [At American Revolution]
Napoleon, Reaction and Romanticism
Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)
- WEB The Napoleonic Library
- WEB Histoire Napoleonique
- WEB Ships of the Royal Navy During the Napoleonic Wars
- Napoleonic Wars
- Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821): Speech to Troops, 1796 [At Clinch Valley College]
- Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821): Account of the Situation of the Empire, 1804 [At Hanover]
- Charles O'Malley: Wellington's Crossing of the Douro, 1809 [At this Site]
- The Return of Napoleon from Elba, 1815 [At the Site]
- WEB Nelson's Letters [At anglia.co.uk]
- The Imperial Catechism, 1806 [At this Site]
What Catholic children were to think of Napoleon.- Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821): Farewell to the Old Guard, 1814 [At Hanover]
- Madame de Rémusat: Remembrances of Napoleon [At this Site]
- Lord Londonderry Letter to Richard Rush: The Death of Napoleon, July 30, 1821 [At Yale]
- The Civil Code
Romanticism
- Roots of Romanticism
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78): Confessions, 1782 [At Virginia Text][Full text]
- Romantic Philosophy
- Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829): German Romanticism in Philosophy [At this Site]
- Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829): Extract from Descriptions of Paintings, 1802-1804 [At Warwick]
- J. C. Friedrich Von Schiller (1759-1805): Letters Upon The Aesthetic Education of Man, 1794 [At this Site]
- Philipp Otto Runge: Letter to his brother Daniel, March 9, 1802 [At Warwick]
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: "Einleitung in die Propylaen" [At Warwick]
- Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822): Defence of Poetry, 1819 [At this Site]
- Carl Gustav Carus: Extract from Nine Letters on Landscape Painting [At Warwick]
- Charles Baudelaire: What is Romanticism? [At Warwick]
- Romanticism in the Arts
- WEB Voice of the Shuttle: The English Romantics
- WEB The Romantic Movement in British Literature [At ACCD]
Listing of the major British authors, with dates of their works, and links to the works when online.- Romanticism in Painting [At Hanover]
Paintings by Gros, Goya, Delacroix, Turner- Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805): Wilhelm Tell, 1805, full text [At Yggdrasil]
- Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805): An Ode to Joy [At Yggdrasil]
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust, 1808, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust, 1808 [At Virginia Tech][Full Text][In English]
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust, 1808 [At Hamburg][Full Text][In German]
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan or, a Vision In a Dream: A Fragment, 1816 [At WSU]
- Lord Byron: The Isles of Greece [At this Site]
- Mary Shelley (1797-1851): The Last Man , 1822 [At this Site]
- Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto, full text [At CMU]
- Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859): Confessions of an English Opium Eater [At Drug Library]
- Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859): Levana and Our Ladies of Sorrow, 1821 [At this Site]
- Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832): The Patriot [At Warwick]
- Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832): Ivanhoe [At Wiretap][Full Text]
- Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832): Selected Poetry [At Toronto]
- Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881): On Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), 1838 [At this Site]
- William Wordsworth (1770-1850): The World is Too Much With Us, 1807 [At WSU]
- William Wordsworth (1770-1850): Tintern Abbey [At this Site]
- Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797): Maria, 1795-97 [At Wiretap][Full Text]
[The attribution in the text to Mary Shelley must be wrong, since Mary W. died giving birth to Mary Godwin (later Shelley) in 1797.]- Mary Shelley (1797-1851): Frankenstein, 1818 [At Wiretap][Full Text]
- Beethoven
Back to Index
- The Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-18th Centuries
- Abraham Cowley (1618-1667): Of Agriculture, 1650 [At this Site]
- Turnips
- John A. Mazis: The Potato [Modern Account][At UMN]
- Field Rotation
- Animal Breeding
- The Revolution in the Manufacture of Textiles
- Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883): Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England [At McMaster][Full Text]
- Leeds Woolen Workers' Petition, 1786 [At this Site]
Attacking the effects of machinery.- Leeds Cloth Merchants' Letter, 1791 [At this Site]
Defending machinery.- The Revolution in Power
- WEB The Steam Engine Library
Full texts of many books on the history of the Steam Engine. A splendid resource.- WEB The Kew Bridge Steam Museum [In the UK]
- The Steam Engine [At Toronto]
A short modern account of how a steam engine works, and what was improved in the 18th century.- Thomas Newcomen: The Newcomen Engine [At exeter.ac.uk][Sketch picture]
- James Watt (1736-1819): The Steam Engine, c. 1769 [At Museon.nl][Picture]
- James Watt (1736-1819) and Matthew Boulton: An Industrial Steam Engine [witha 64 inch bore!], 1820 [At Kew Bridge Steam Museum][Picture]
- James Watt (1736-1819): The Steam Engine, c. 1769 [At this Site][Picture]
- Thomas H. Marshall: James Watt, 1925 [At Steam Engine Library][Full Text]
- Richard Guest: Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture, 1823, excerpts [At this Site]
On the application of steam power to cotton looms and the social effects.- William Radcliffe: Origin of...Power Loom Weaving, 1828, excerpts [At this Site]
On the application of steam power to cotton looms.- Railroads
- Steam Ships
- Line of American Packets Between New York and Liverpool, Evening Post, New York, October 27, 1817 [At LSU]
Not steam ships, but an indication of the growth of a market.- Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859): The S.S. Great Britain, 1839 [At Digiweb][Picture+text]
The first ocean-going steam propeller ship.- Two Steamboat Diasters at a Time, The U.S. Nautical Magazine and Naval Journal Vol. IV (1855), p 259. [At LSU]
- D. McGee: The History of Machine Engineering in Canda [At Toronto][Modern Text]
An online project which clearly illustrates Marine technology developments, and not just in Canada!- Curt Anderson: The Two Countries That Invented the Industrial Revolution [At Darex.com][Modern Article]
An explanation of the different functions of invention in Briatin and the United States.- The Great Engineers
- List of the Great Engineers [At Heriot-Watt]
- Charles Babbage Page, (1791-1871) [At Exeter University]
Babbage was a major pioneer in computing.- Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859): Works [At University of Dundee][Modern summary] or see another Summary Biography [At wlihe.ac.uk]
- Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859): The Clifton Suspension Bridge [At wlihe.ac.uk][picture]
- The Process of Industrialization
- Tables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization, [At this Site]
- Spread of Railways in Europe [At this Site]
- Camillo de Cavour: Railways in Italy
- The Lives of Workers
- Observations on the Loss of Woollen Spinning, 1794, excerpts [At this Site]
- Life of 19th Century Workers In England [At Alderson-Broaddus College]
- Edwin Chadwick (1803-1890): Report on Sanitary Conditions, 1842 [At Brown]
- Women Miners in the English Coal Pits, 1842 [At this Site]
- Texts on the Physical Effects of Factory Work [At Brown]
- Harret Robinson: Lowell Mill Girls, 1834-1848 [At this Site]
- Michael Faraday: Observations on the Filth of the Thames, contained in a letter addressed to the Editor of " The Times" Newspaper, 1855 [At ChemTeam]
- Urban Life: New Social Classes
- The Peterloo Massacre, 1819 [At this Site]
- Friedrich Engels: Industrial Manchester, 1844, excerpts [At this Site]
From The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844.- Andrew Ure (1778-1857): The Philosophy of the Manufacturers, 1835, excerpts [At this Site]
- Social Reformism
- Florence Nightingale (1820-1910): Rural Hygiene [At this Site]
Life on the farm was not that much of an improvement over a factory. But, eventually, the social activists turned their eyes on the countryside as well.
- William Blake: Preface to 'Milton', 1804 [At Clinch Valley College]
- William Wordsworth (1770-1850): The Excursion, 1814 [At this Site]
- Charles Dickens: Hard Times, Excerpts [At PIMA]
- Charles Dickens: Hard Times, Chapter 2 [At Mt Holyoke]
- Elizabeth Gaskell: North and South, 1855, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Elizabeth Gaskell: Mary Barton - A tale of Manchester life [At Nagoya University][Full Text]
- Elizabeth Gaskell: North and South [At Nagoya University][Full Text]
- Elizabeth Gaskell: Cranford [At Nagoya University][Full Text]
- Thomas Carlyle: Signs of the Times: The "Mechanical Age [At this Site]
- Emile Zola (1840-1902): Germinal, 1885, extracts [At WSU]
- Andrew Carnegie (18351919): The Gospel of Wealth, 1889 [At this Site]
- Horatio Alger: The Boy who Makes Good
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© Paul Halsall January 1997 - January 1999
Paul Halsall, halsall@fordham.edu